How We Organize the Sounds of Speech 김종천 김완제 위이

1. Phonetics Vs Phonology 2. Identifying Phonemes & Allophones 3. Identifying Distinctive Features 4. Identifying Phonological Rules 5. Identifying Syllables 6. F & Q Contents

Phonetics Vs Phonology Phonetics is interested in how speech sounds are made Whereas, Phonology is interested in how languages use sounds The goal is to discover the principles that rules the way sounds are organized in languages, and to explain the variations that occur. The ultimate goal is to make statements that apply to all languages.

Phonetics Vs Phonology Phonetics studies all possible sounds (more broad) Whereas, Phonology studies the sounds that contains meaning Ultimately, to discover how speakers systemically use a “selection” of sounds in order to express meaning.

Phonetics Vs Phonology We do not have “identical ” vocal tracts It means that we do not pronounce the same as the others But, it does not mean that we hear it distortedly, we discount the variations Phonology is the study of how we find order (rules) within the chaos of speech sounds So…

Identifying Phonemes & Allophones Phonological analysis believes that particular sounds cause changes in the meaning of a word or phrase, whereas other sounds do not How did they prove the phonemes? Pick up a word then replacing the letters over and over Ex) Pig & Big, Pan & Ban

Identifying Phonemes & Allophones Allophones do not change the meaning when we make a substitution What is Allophones? Ex) Light & Right, Shoe & She In phonetics they are two different sounds, but in phonological point of view, it has the same sounding. Ex) Leaf & Pool (Clear & Dark Ls) The allophones are varied when we compare to other languages

Identifying Distinctive Features We need to recognize smaller units than the individual phoneme, in order to explain how sets of sounds are related - /p/ and /b/ differ in one respect only: /p/ is voiceless, and /b/ is voiced. In other respects, they are the same: they are both bilabial, plosive, oral, and pulmonic egressive - /p/ and /g/ differ in two respects: there is a contrast of voicing, and there is also a contrast in the place of articulation – bilabial vs. velar; - /p/ and /z/ differ in three respects: this time, there is a contrast in the manner of articulation (plosive vs. fricative), alongside the contrasts in voicing and place Ex) + [ Nasal or Voiced ] -

Identifying Phonological Rul es It is essential to understand the way sounds systematically relate to each other and to the grammar and lexicon of a language Telegraph /tel ə ɪ gra:f/ Telegraphy /t ə 'legref ɪ / Microscope Microscopy → "PASSIVE" Blipograph Blipography A major focus of phonological investigation is to work out the rules which relate sets of words of this kind. - How the stress shifts predictably between the words - How the vowel qualities change as a consequence of the stress shift

Identifying Syllables Do such word as fire, meal have one syllable or two ? In a word like master, where do we draw the line? ma-ster, mas-ter,or mast-er? It is a notion that we intuitively recognize, But identifying syllables is more difficult to do than might at first appear Do meteor, neonate have two syllables or three ?

Identifying Syllables In English, we have four typical sequence CV see, CVC hat, CCVC stop, CVCC pots In phonological approach, we focus on the way sounds combine in a language to produce typical sequences Syllables are seen as combinations of vowels and consonants We need to think of these words as sound-sequence, of course, not as spellings c.f ) V syllables in Hawaiian language CCC before a vowel Ex) strap, sprig CCCC after a vowel Ex) glimpsed, twelfths

Identifying Syllables In English, we can combine /s + t + r/, but we cannot combine / ʃ + t + r/ ex) string, strength In German, we can combine / ʃ + t + r/ ex) strang, strand Although the initial letter of these words is s, it is pronounced [ ʃ ] Not all combinations of consonant and vowel can occur in a language Weak, Feeble → Feak, Weeble ↛ Leak, Keeble There is evidence for the psychological reality of syllables from the study of speech error

F & Q Taking Questions

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