1. Clinical Phonetics

2. Disorders
Articulation Disorders vs.
Phonological Disorders

3. Methods of evaluation Standardized tests Spontaneous connected speech
Consonants
Consonant clusters
Sometimes vowels
Spontaneous connected speech

4. Analyzing results Misarticulations/articulation errors
Phoneme to phoneme analysis
Types of errors/categories
Substitution
Addition
Omission
Distortion
Manner, place and voicing categories

5. Phonological development
Disparity of Findings
Socioeconomic
Number of subjects
Method of speech sampling
Determining mastery – the age at which a particular phoneme is produced with some degree of accuracy (75-100% or %)
Customary Production – the age at which a particular phoneme is produced with greater than 50% accuracy in at least two word positions.
Gender of subjects
Dialects

6. Developmental findings
90% mastery of several phonemes occurs by 3
Master of English phonemes may not be complete until 7-9 years
Manner – nasal, stops acquired first, then glides, fricatives, liquids and affricates
Place – front (labial/alverolar) produced first, then velar and palatal.

7. Phonological process
Based on Natural Phonology theory – young children are born with innate processes necessary for the production of speech.
They often simplify the adult form.
As they mature, they learn to suppress the processes, and produce the appropriate form

8. Phonological Processes
Simplification of adult speech patterns
As children mature they learn to suppress these processes
Child is not viewed as not having a sound in his phonetic inventory, but as using a process that results in the deletion of that sound
Are found in typically developing children

9. Phonological Processes
Categories
Syllable structure processes
Substitution processes
Assimilatory processes

10. Phonological Processes
Table 7.2

11. Syllable Structure Processes
Syllables are simplified, usually into a consonant-vowel (CV) pattern
CV patterns among the first to be used by infants

12. Syllable Structure Processes
Weak syllable deletion
Weak syllable is omitted when it precedes or follows a stressed syllable
Final consonant deletion
Final consonant is deleted
Patten becomes open syllable (CV)
Children start to use final consonants by 3:0
Process suppressed by 3:6
Weak syllable deletion
Telephone – tefon, tomato – meiro, paper – peip page 206
Final consonant deletion
bake – bei, cat-ca, mom-ma page 207

13. Syllable Structure Processes
Reduplication
Repetition of a syllable of a word
Total reduplication – entire syllable
Partial reduplication – repetition of just a consonant or vowel
Suppressed before 3:0
Cluster reduction
Deletion of a consonant from a consonant cluster
If three sounds in consonant cluster then one or two may be deleted
Suppressed at 4:0
Reduplication – mommy – mama, bottle – bada
Cluster reduction – snow-no, play-pei, strip – traip, taip or raip

14. Substitution Processes
The replacement of one class of phonemes for another

15. Substitution Processes
Stopping
Substitution of a stop for a fricative or affricate
Common because stops are acquired before fricatives
Usually for a stop produced with the same or similar place of articulation
May have a change in voicing
Suppressed by 2:6 to 5:0

16. Substitution Processes
Stopping
Fricative/affricate Substitute stop
/s,,, /t/
,,, /d/
 /p/
 /b/
Sake for /teik/
Zoo for /du/
Fat for pat
Think for tingk
Ship for tip
Jane for deIn

17. Substitution Processes
Fronting
Substitution of velar and palatal consonants with alveolar place of articulation
Suppressed by 2:6 to 3:0

18. Substitution Processes
Fronting
Velar Alveolar
/k/ /t/
/g/ /d/
// /n/
Palatal Alveolar
// /s/
// /ts/
// /z/
// /dz/
Cat to tat
Wash to was
Juice to dzuz
Chip to tsip
Get to det
Cookie to tuti
Match to mat

19. Substitution Processes
Deaffrication
Substitution of fricative for an affricate
Gliding
Substitution of glides /w/ or /j/ for liquid /l/ and /r/
Suppressed by 5:0 +
Deaffrication
Chip to ship
Matches to mashes
Juice to us
Ridge to ri 
Ledge to lez
Gliding
red to wed
look to wuk or juk
green to gwin
like to jaik
blue to bwu
carrot to kewat
hello to hejou
grow to gwou

20. Substitution Processes
Vocalization
Substitution of a vowel for postvocalic /l/ or /r/
Common in words with
/l/,
syllabic /l/
stressed and unstressed shwars
Vowels substituted
//
//
//, //
Tiger to taigu
Turn to t n
Third to thud
Deer to diu
Hair to heu
Help to heup
Milk to miuk
Meal to miou
Little to wiou

21. Assimilatory Processes
Alteration in phoneme production due to phonetic environment – Assimilation
Assimilatory processes
Labial
Velar
Nasal
Voicing
Types
Progressive
Regressive
Not present in all typically developing children
Suppressed by 3:0

22. Assimilatory Processes
Labial assimilation
Nonlabial phoneme is produced with a labial place due to presence of labial phoneme in word
Alveolar assimilation
Nonalveolar is produced with an alveolar place of articulation due to presence of alveolar phoneme in the word
Labial assimilation
Book to bup (progressive assimilation)
Mad to mab (progressive
Cap to pap - regressive
Swing to wing regressive
Time – tain (progressive)
Neck – net (progressive)
Shut to sut regressive
Bat to dat regressive
Not easy to distinguish between assimilation or substitution process

23. Assimilatory Processes
Velar assimilation
Nonvelar phoneme is produced with a velar place of articulation due to presence of velar phoneme in the word
Voicing assimilation
Prevocalic
Voicing of a normally unvoiced consonant
When consonant precedes the nucleus of a syllable
Devoicing
Syllable final voiced phonemes that either
Precede a pause or silence between words, or
Occur at the end of an utterance
Final phoneme assimilates to the silence following the word
Velar assimilation
Cup to kuk progressive
Gone to gong progressive
Take to keik regressive
Doggy to gagi regressive
Voicing
prevocalic pig to big
cup to gup
devoicing bad to bat
hose to hos (keep the long vowel)

24. Phonological Processes
May occur individually or in combination
More than one process may affect the pronunciation of any phoneme
June to /dun/ (deaffrication, stopping and fronting)
Not all processes occur in typically developing children

25. Common Phonological Processes
Most common in typically developing children
Weak syllable deletion
Final consonant deletion
Gliding
Cluster reduction

26. Suppression Suppression does not happen all at once
Most processes disappear by the age of 4
Suppressed by the age of three
Weak syllable deletion
Final consonant deletion
Reduplication
Fronting
Consonant assimilation
Prevocalic voicing

27. Suppression Suppressed after the age of three Cluster reduction
Gliding
Vocalization
Stopping
Final devoicing

28. Phonological Disorders
Children may display same types of processes
Processes may be suppressed later

29. Processes common to children with phonological disorders
Cluster reduction
Weak syllable deletion
Final consonant deletion
Stopping
Velar and palatal fronting
Voicing processes
Labial, nasal and velar assimilation
Liquid simplification (combination of gliding and vocalization)

30. Idiosyncratic Processes
Processes not usually found in the speech of typically developing children
Glottal replacement –glottal stop for consonant
Backing –velar stop consonant for more anterior consonants
Usually involves alveolar and palatals, but may include labials
Initial consonant deletion
Stops replacing glide
Fricatives replacing a stop
Glottal replacement – pick to pi?, butter to bu/u
Backing – time to kaim, zoon to gum, push to puk
Stops replacing glide – yes to des, wait to beIt

31. Independent analysis Inventory of phonemes produced by client
Syllable shapes (open/closed syllables, consonant clusters in initial/final position)
Combination of consonants and vowels (CV, CVC)
Word shapes (# of syllables)
Stress patterns