1. Last minute Phonetics questions?
Questions? Comments?
Last minute Phonetics questions? 1

2. PHONETICS - Chapter 2 Consonants: Order of 3-part descriptive terms:
Slide 13
PHONETICS - Chapter 2
Consonants: Order of 3-part descriptive terms:
Voicing -- Place o’ Articulation -- Manner o’ Articulation 2

3. English Consonants (voiceless sounds on the left)
Phonetics
Slide 21
English Consonants (voiceless sounds on the left) 3

4. Phonetics
Slide 25
vowel words 4

5. Chapter 3 Exercises: 4, 5, 7 (Due 4/24)
Chapter 3 – Difficult!
Chapter 3 – Phonology
Chapter 3 Exercises: 4, 5, 7 (Due 4/24)
Click here or link below for better directions for Ex 4 and 5 – do not follow the directions in the book or you will be confused!
Problem Set 2 (Due 4/29) – very tricky – look it over to make sure you don’t have any questions!

6. Phonology 1
Phonology
The component of the grammar that determines the selection of speech sounds and that governs both the sound patterns and the systematic phonetic variation found in language.
Segments (phones, sounds) - what we learned from phonetics
Features - parts of phones
Syllables - putting phones together in a larger structure

7. Phonology Looking for meaningful contrast between sounds2
Phonology
Looking for meaningful contrast between sounds
(distinctive sounds, sounds in opposition)
Minimal Pairs - 2 forms with distinct meanings that differ by only 1 segment found in the same position in each form (p.59)
Like 2 words that rhyme (minimal pairs test for consonants)
sip and zip show a meaningful difference between the segments [s] and [z]

8. Phonology Minimal Pair Near Minimal Pair3
Phonology
Environment - the phonetic context in which a sound occurs
Near minimal pairs - like minimal pairs but environments aren’t entirely identical
Near minimal pairs used if minimal pairs can’t be found
Minimal Pair
sip and zip show a meaningful difference between the segments
[s] and [z]
Near Minimal Pair
author and either show a meaningful difference between the segments

9. Phonology
Practice 4
Phonology
Minimal Pairs Practice

10. Phonology
Practice 5
Phonology
For each of the following pairs of English consonant phonemes, find a minimal pair
/p/
/b/
/t/
/d/
/k/
/g/
/f/
/m/
/n/

11. Phonology Minimal pairs used to find phonemes6
Phonology
Minimal pairs used to find phonemes
Phonemes - segments that contrast with each other in a particular language belong to separate phonemes (p. 60)
Can’t always find MP for all phonemes in all environments
only occur in certain environments in English

12. Phonology English phonemes are shown on pages 60-617
Phonology
English phonemes are shown on pages 60-61
Note that there is no glottal stop or flap on the consonant chart - why?

13. Phonology English phonemes are shown on pages 60-618
Phonology
English phonemes are shown on pages 60-61
Note that there is no glottal stop or flap on the consonant chart - why?
What is considered a phoneme is language specific
If we say in English “do Len” we can change length of vowels and consonants and it’s doesn’t change the meanings of the words - Finnish no
Length in Finnish contrastive for both cons and vowels

14. Phonology 9
Phonology
Systematic variation - predictable changes in segments in certain environments
Not all ls are the same - who was surprised?
Only voiceless [l] occurs after voiceless stop, so it is predictable.
No voiced [l] occurs in this environment. 14

15. Phonology 10
Phonology
When 2 or more sounds never occur in the same environment then they are in complementary distribution 15

16. aspirated voiceless stop unreleased voiceless stop
Phonology 11
When 2 or more sounds never occur in the same environment then they are in complementary distribution
voiceless stop
aspirated voiceless stop
unreleased voiceless stop 16

17. Phonology 12
Allophones - When two or more segments are phonetically distinct but phonologically the same (predictable variation).
at the Daily Planet
saving the world
at Darcelle’s 17

18. Phonology Phonemic representation /p/ Phonetic representation13
Phonology
Phonetic representation - shows all allophones and all information about segments that is phonetically produced (manila folders)
Phonemic representation - only shows phoneme (green hanging file folder)
Phonemic representation
/p/
Phonetic representation 18

19. Phonology Phonemic representation /p/ [p] [ph] Phonetic representation14
Phonology
English – one phoneme /p/ and allophones include [p] and [ph]
Phonemic representation
/p/
[p] [ph]
Phonetic representation
Thai – 2 phonemes /p/ and /ph/
Phonemic representation
/p/ /ph/
[p] [ph]
Phonetic representation 19

20. Phonology 15
Phonology
Searching for generalizations about systematic variation of sounds
In English, liquids and glides have voiceless allophones after voiceless stops, and voiced allophones elsewhere. 20

21. Phonology 16
Complementary Distribution - remember that the phoneme /p/ has 3 allophones:
Environments
Phonetic Environments Examples
# ___ word initial
___ # word final
s ___ after [s]
___ C before a consonants
C ___ V between a consonant and a vowel
V ___ V between two vowels
V ___ # word-final after a vowel
C ___ # word-final after a consonant 21

22. Phonology 17
Phonology 22

23. Phonology Practice Yes - minimal pairs 1-7; 2-8; 3-9; 4-10 so:18
Phonology Practice
Yes - minimal pairs 1-7; 2-8; 3-9; 4-10 so: 23

24. Phonology Practice Phonetic Environments # ___ word initial19
Phonology Practice
Phonetic Environments
# ___ word initial
___ # word final
s ___ after [s]
o ___ e between [o] and [e]
Phonetic Environments
___ C before a consonant
C ___ V between a consonant and a vowel
V ___ V between two vowels
V ___ # word-final after a vowel
C ___ # word-final after a consonant

25. Phonology 20
Phonology
organize
your data

26. Phonology Practice Phonetic Environments # ___ word initial21
Phonology Practice
Phonetic Environments
# ___ word initial
___ # word final
s ___ after [s]
o ___ e between [o] and [e]

27. before [a], [o], [e], [o:], word initially, etc
Phonology
Practice 22
Phonology Practice
Organize your data! = Where does each sound occur? List the specific immediately preceding sound and the specific immediately following sound (don’t generalize yet!)
before [a], [o], [e], [o:], word initially, etc
[t]
[tS]
[ts]
#_a
o_o
#_i
#_u
a_a
#_e
i_i
u_u
u_a
#_o
u_i
a_u
i_o:
o_e
elsewhere
all before [u]
all before [i]

28. Phonology 23
Phonology
Underlying representation (UR) - the unpredictable phonological information represented in a phonemic representation (green folders)
Surface representations (PR) - the phonetic representations (manila folders)
We use rules (formalized phonological processes) to derive the PR from the UR

29. Phonology
Practice 24
Phonology Practice

30. Phonology 25
Phonology Review
The component of the grammar that determines the selection of speech sounds and that governs both the sound patterns and the systematic phonetic variation found in language.
Phoneme - the idea of the sound and organizational unit for all its allophones - in yo’ head
Allophones - the phonetic realizations of the phoneme in certain phonetic environments - out yo’ mouth 30

31. Phonology 26
Phonology Review
Minimal Pairs - 2 forms with distinct meanings that differ by only 1 segment found in the same position in each form (p.59)
Minimal pairs used to find phonemes
Phonemes - segments that contrast with each other in a particular language belong to separate phonemes (p. 60)
When 2 or more sounds never occur in the same environment then they are in complementary distribution 31

32. Phonology
Practice 27
Phonology Practice
Data from Zinacantec Tzotzil: Consider [p] and [p´] ; [k] and [k´]
Are they separate phonemes or allophones of the same phoneme?
[p´] and [k´] represent a glottalized sound, made with simultaneous closure of the glottis and constriction of the throat. (Consider them glottalized voiceless stops)
‘pot’
‘small’
‘my leg’
‘to multiply’
‘fire’
‘jail’
They are separate phonemes!
Proof = minimal pairs: 5-12 & 3-6 & 9-11
AND near minimal pairs: 1-7; 4-10; for extra support

33. Phonology Practice Answer They are different phonemes.28
Phonology Practice
Answer They are different phonemes.
Why? Minimal pairs a/e, b/f and near minimal pair c/d

34. Phonology
Practice 29
Phonology Practice
Are they separate phonemes? No – then organize your data!

35. Phonology Practice What is the distribution?30
Phonology Practice
What is the distribution?
This is complementary distribution – allophones of the same phoneme!
Which is the phoneme?

36. Distinctive Features Features - smaller than the segment (subsegment)
Phonology 31
Distinctive Features
Features - smaller than the segment (subsegment)
Characteristics of segments - voicing, place, manner, etc.
Natural classes - group of sounds that share feature(s) in common
Sound is characterized by a feature matrix
Purpose of features is to represent sounds as a set of phonetic properties, to capture natural classes, and to show nature of allophonic variation (not just random)

37. Sonorants - “singable” - liquids, glides, nasals and vowel
Phonology 32
Obstruents - some sort of obstruction (fricatives, stops and affricates)
Sonorants - “singable” - liquids, glides, nasals and vowel

38. Phonology 33
Major class features

39. [ consonantal] - major obstruction in vocal tract
Phonology 34
Major class features
[ consonantal] - major obstruction in vocal tract
obstruents, liquids, nasals (not h and ʔ) (not glides)
[ syllabic] - sounds that can act as syllables
vowels, and syllabic consonants (not glides)
[ sonorant] - singable sounds
vowels, glides, liquids and nasals (even if voiceless)

40. Phonology 35
Manner features
[ continuant] – sounds with free or nearly free airflow through oral cavity
fricatives, liquids, glides and vowels (not stops, affricates (nasals included))
[ delayed release] [ DR] – the release of a stop is slowed to create a fricative
affricates only
[ nasal] – sounds produced with a lowered velum (through nasal passage)
nasal stops and nasalized vowels
[ lateral] – sounds produced air flowing over sides of tongue
only varieties of l are [+ lateral]

41. Laryngeal features [ voice] – vocal folds vibrating or not
Phonology 36
Laryngeal features
[ voice] – vocal folds vibrating or not
[ spread glottis] [ SG] – aspirated sounds are [+ SG]
[ constricted glottis] [ CG] – sounds made with a closed glottis are [+ CG]
In English, only glottal stop is [+ CG]

42. Place o’ articulation features
Phonology 37
Place o’ articulation features
Different from other features – only certain features apply to the 3 places
LABIAL – sounds made with at least one lip
CORONAL – sounds made with tongue tip or blade raised (front of tongue)
DORSAL – sounds made involving body of tongue

43. Place o’ articulation features
Phonology 38
Place o’ articulation features
LABIAL
[ round] – sounds produced by protruding the lips
[+ round] is [w]; [– round] is [p, b, f, v]

44. Phonology 39

45. Place o’ articulation features
Phonology 40
Place o’ articulation features
DORSAL (for vowels and some consonants)
[ high] – tongue body raised higher than a central position
DORSAL consonants (velars and palatals) and high vowels
[ low] – tongue body lowered lower than a central position
low vowels are [+ low]; others are [– low]; not for consonants in English
[ back] – produced with tongue body behind palatal region [+ back]
velar consonants and back vowels are [+ back]; palatals and front vowels not
[ tense] – tense vowels are [+ tense]; lax vowels are [– tense]
[ reduced] – if the vowel is reduced, it is [+ reduced] (always for schwa)

46. Consonants (C) LABIAL CORONAL DORSAL [+ high] [+ round] [– round]
Phonology 41
Consonants (C)
[+ high]
LABIAL
CORONAL
DORSAL
[+ round]
[– round]
[+ back]
[– back]
[– strident]
[+ strident]
[– anterior]
[+ anterior]

47. Vowels (V) DORSAL [+ back] [– back] [+ tense] = LABIAL [+ high]
Phonology 42
Vowels (V)
DORSAL
[+ high]
[– low]
[– high]
[+ low]
[+ tense] =
LABIAL
[+ round]
[+ back]
[– back]

48. Phonology 43
Consonants (C)

49. Phonology 44
Vowels (V)

50. Phonology Practice - Features45
Phonology Practice - Features
In the following sets, all the sounds except one belong to the same natural class. One of these things is not like the others – which one is it? State the feature that the remaining sounds share.
[+voice] or [-continuant]
[+sonorant] or [-nasal]
[-nasal]
[-delayed release]

51. Phonology Rule annotation: A  B / X __ Y46
Phonology
Rule annotation:
A  B / X __ Y
A becomes B in the environment between X and Y
Rule annotation for deletion:
A  ø / X __ Y
A is deleted in the environment between X and Y
Rule annotation for epenthesis:
ø  A / X __ Y
A is epenthesized (added) in the environment between X and Y

52. Phonology Practice / # ___ Convert this statement into a rule:47
Phonology Practice
Convert this statement into a rule:
Voiced oral stops become voiceless at the beginning of words.
[b]  [p] / # __
–sonorant
–continuant
+voice
-DR 
[–voice]
/ # ___

53. Phonology Practice / Convert this rule into a statement: –sonorant48
Phonology Practice
Convert this rule into a statement:
–sonorant
+continuant
–voice
– consonantal
+syllabic
–consonantal
+syllabic 
[+voice] /
___

54. Phonology Practice / V __ V Convert this rule into a statement: C49
Phonology Practice
Convert this rule into a statement: C
+continuant
–del rel
+voice
-sonorant 
[–voice]
/ V __ V
Voiced fricatives become voiceless between vowels (intervocalically)

55. Phonology
Practice 50
Phonology Practice

56. Phonology
Practice 51
Phonology Practice

57. Phonology Syllables The grouping of one or more segments52
Phonology
Syllables
The grouping of one or more segments
A syllable consists of a sonorous element and its associated nonsyllabic (less sonorous) segments. {sonorous = “singable” - vowels, glides, liquids and nasals}

58. Phonology Syllables  Consisted of a Nucleus, Onset and Coda53
Phonology
Syllables
Consisted of a Nucleus, Onset and Coda
Nucleus + Coda = Rhyme (it’s what rhymes when we say 2 things rhyme!) 
Onset (O)
Rhyme (R)
Nucleus (N)
Coda (C)

59. Phonology 54
Phonology
Syllables
Phonotactics - the set of constraints on how sequences of segments pattern (language specific) {Gaps are shown with dashes}
Labial + sonorant
Coronal + sonorant
Velar + sonorant
[pl]
please
[tl] —
[kl]
clean
[pr]
proud
[tr]
trade
[kr]
cream
[pw]
[tw]
twin
[kw]
queen
[pj]
pure
[tj]
tune (Brit)
[kj]
cute
[spl]
splat
[stl]
[skl]
sclerosis
[spr]
spring
[str]
strip
[skr]
scrap
[spw]
[stw]
[skw]
squeak
[spj]
spew
[stj]
stew (Brit)
[skj]
skew

60. Phonology 55
Phonology

61. Phonology Syllables   Drawing syllable trees: ‘expect’56
Phonology
Syllables
Drawing syllable trees: ‘expect’
1) Identify the vowels (the nucleus of the syllable) and draw an association line from the vowel to the N to the R to the syllable (Greek sigma) 
Rhyme (R)
Nucleus (N)
Rhyme (R)
Nucleus (N) 

62. Phonology Syllables   Drawing syllable trees: ‘expect’57
Phonology
Syllables
Drawing syllable trees: ‘expect’
2) Form onset using the phonotactics of the language (you need to know the rules) and form the largest possible onset the language will allow   O R R N N

63. Phonology Syllables   Drawing syllable trees: ‘expect’58
Phonology
Syllables
Drawing syllable trees: ‘expect’
3) Form coda - connect what is left over as coda of preceding nucleus   R R C C N O N

64. Phonology 59
Phonology
Syllables
Why are syllables important? Aspiration - voiceless stops aspirated syllable initially (when they are the only thing in the onset) and when they are not in the coda
Why isn’t spit aspirated?
Why isn’t p in upset aspirated?