Journal# 1: Which bones are part of the axial skeleton? Trepanation, or removing a piece of the skull, was practiced in ancient and even prehistoric times. The reason is not known, but it may have been a tribal ritual or rudimentary treatment for brain disorders. Objective: –Identify the bones of the cranium and face –Describe the function of the sinuses –Give the key differences in the skull structure of infants, children, & adults Fun Fact

Chapter 7: The Axial Skeleton Part I: The Skull pgs

The Axial Skeleton The axial skeleton - forms the longitudinal axis of the body (has 80 bones): The skull The vertebral column The thoracic cage

The Axial Skeleton Figure 7–1a

Functions of the Axial Skeleton Supports and protects organs in body cavities Attaches to muscles of: –head, neck, and trunk –respiration –appendicular skeleton

The Skull Has 22 bones: –8 cranial bones: form the braincase or cranium –14 facial bones: protect and support entrances to digestive and respiratory tracts

The Skull Figure 7–2

Sinuses Cavities which decrease the weight of the skull: –lined with mucus membranes –protect the entrances of the respiratory system

Sutures The immovable joints of the skull Figure 7–3a, b

The Cranial Bones Occipital bone Frontal bone Sphenoid Ethmoid Parietal bones (2) Temporal bones (2)

Cranial Bones Figure 7–4a, b

Foramina of the Occipital Bone Foramen magnum: –connects cranial and spinal cavities Jugular foramen: –for jugular vein Hypoglossal canals: –for hypoglossal nerves

The Occipital Bone Figure 7–5a

Functions of the Temporal Bones Part of lateral walls of cranium and zygomatic arches Articulate with mandible Surround and protect inner ear Attach muscles of jaws and head

The Temporal Bones Figure 7–7

Foramina of the Sphenoid Optic canals: –for optic nerves Foramen ovale: –for blood vessels and nerves of the face

The Sphenoid Figure 7–8

Functions of the Ethmoid Roof of the nasal cavity Part of the nasal septum and medial orbital wall Contains ethmoidal air cells (sinuses)

The Ethmoid Figure 7–9

Foramina of the Ethmoid Olfactory foramina: –in the “cribriform plate” –for olfactory nerves

Functions of the Maxillary Bones Support upper teeth Form upper jaw and hard palate Contain maxillary sinuses (largest sinuses)

Foramina of the Maxillary Bones Infraorbital foramen: –for sensory nerve to brain (via foramen rotundum of sphenoid) Inferior orbital fissure: –for cranial nerves and blood vessels

The Maxillary Bones The largest facial bones Figure 7–10a

Foramina of the Mandible Mental foramina: –for sensory nerves of lips and chin Mandibular foramen: –entrance to the mandibular canal –for blood vessels and nerves of lower teeth

The Mandible Figure 7–12a,b

The Hyoid Bone Figure 7–12c Supports the larynx Attaches muscles of the larynx, pharynx, and tongue

Functions of the Inferior Nasal Conchae To create air turbulence in the nasal cavity To increase the epithelial surface area To warm and humidify inhaled air

The Small Bones of the Face Figure 7–11

The Infant Skull Grows rapidly Is large compared to the body Has many ossification centers

The Infant Skull Figure 7–15

Fontanels Are areas of fibrous connective tissue (soft spots) Cover unfused sutures in the infant skull Allow the skull to flex during birth

Axial Lab Part A Figure 1: use pg. 210 Figure 2: pg. 209 Figure 3: pg. 210 Figure 4: pg. 211 *Make sure you can name and identify all of the bones/structures on the lilst

Journal #4: Which parts of the axial skeleton have we not yet studied? Vocabulary 4.Primary curve 5.Secondary curve 6.Whiplash 7.Thoracic cage 8.True Ribs 9.False Ribs 10. Costae Objective: –Identify and describe the curvatures of the spinal column and their functions –Identify the vertebral regions, and describe the distinctive structural and function characteristics of each vertebral group

Diagram 24 & 25 Quiz 1.What are the 2 types of bones that the skull is made of? 2.Name the only joint of the skull that is not made of immovable fibrous sutures. 3.What is a process? 4.What is a foramen? 5.Which suture would you find between the sphenoid and temporal bones?

Axial Skeleton Notes Part II Interactive pgs

The Vertebral Column The spine or vertebral column: –protects the spinal cord –supports the head and body

Regions and Curves of the Vertebral Column 26 bones: –24 vertebrae, the sacrum, and coccyx Figure 7–16

Vertebrae of the Vertebral Column The neck: –7 cervical vertebrae The upper back: –12 thoracic vertebrae –each articulate with one or more pairs of ribs The lower back: –5 lumbar vertebrae

Structure of a Vertebra Figure 7–17a,b

The 3 Parts of a Vertebra The vertebral body (centrum): –transfers weight along the spine The vertebral arch: –posterior margin of vertebral foramen The articular processes: –lateral projections between laminae and pedicles

The Vertebral Arch Pedicles: –walls of the vertebral arch Laminae: –roof of the vertebral arch Spinous process: –projection where vertebral laminae fuse Transverse process: –projection where laminae join pedicles

The Vertebral Arch Figure 7–17c

The Articular Processes Superior articular process Inferior articular process: –have articular facets on articular faces

Vertebral Foraminae Intervertebral foraminae: –gaps between pedicles of adjacent vertebrae –for nerve connections to spinal cord Vertebral canal: –formed by vertebral foraminae –encloses the spinal cord

The Vertebral Canal Figure 7–17d,e

Intervertebral Discs Are pads of fibrocartilage Separate the vertebral bodies Absorb shocks

Journal # 4: Name the types of vertebra and the number of each. Fun fact: You can determine the sex of a skeleton based on the angle of the pubic bones. Objective: Identify the vertebral regions and describe their structure and function.

Vertebral Regions Vertebrae are numbered: –by region, from top to bottom –C 1 articulates with skull, L 5 with sacrum Vertebrae of each region: –have characteristics determined by functions

The Cervical Vertebrae small body (support only head) C 1 (atlas) has no body or spinous process

Whiplash Whiplash: –a traumatic dislocation of cervical vertebrae D-2hw&feature=related

Hangman’s Fracture Pedicle fracture of C2 Common in car accidents (head striking windshield)

The Thoracic Vertebrae Figure 7–19a

The Lumbar Vertebrae Figure 7–20a

The Lumbar Vertebrae Figure 7–20b, c 1.largest vertebrae 2.oval-shaped bodies

Comparing Vertebrae Table 7–2

The Sacrum and Coccyx Figure 7–21

Sacrum and Coccyx The sacrum: –is curved, more in males than in females –protects reproductive, urinary, and digestive organs The coccyx: –attaches ligaments and a constricting muscle of the anus –consists of fused coccygeal vertebrae

The Thoracic Cage The skeleton of the chest: –supports and protects the thoracic cavity Consists of: –thoracic vertebrae –ribs –sternum (breastbone)

The Rib Cage Formed of ribs and sternum Figure 7–22a

Functions of Ribs Ribs: –are flexible & mobile –can absorb shock Ribs 1–7 (true ribs) –connected to the sternum by costal cartilages Ribs 8–12 (false ribs): –do not attach directly to the sternum

3 Parts of the Sternum 1.The manubrium –the superior portion of sternum –articulates with clavicles & 1 st ribs 2.The sternal body –is tongue-shaped 3.The xiphoid process –attaches to diaphragm and rectus abdominis muscles

Journal # 5: What is the main difference between vertebrosternal and vertebrochondral ribs? Fun Fact: Women and men have the exact same number of ribs. The belief that women have more comes from a verse in the bible. Objective: Identify the vertebral regions and describe their structure and function.

Axial Lab Part B Figure 1: pg. 224 Figure 2: pg. 227 Figure 3: pgs. 227, 229, 230 Figure 4: pg. 231 Conclusion part B table: pg. 228