1. 7-5 The Vertebral Column The Vertebral Column (Spine)
Protects the spinal cord
Supports the head and body
26 bones
24 vertebrae, the sacrum, and the coccyx
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2. Figure 7-17 The Vertebral Column.
Spinal Curves
Vertebral Regions
Primary curves develop before birth, and secondary curves after birth.
Regions are defined by anatomical characteristics of
individual vertebrae. C1
The cervical curve, a secondary curve, develops as the infant learns to balance the weight of the head on the vertebrae of the neck. C2 C3 C4
Cervical (7 vertebrae) C5 C6 C7 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5
The thoracic curve, a primary curve, accommo- dates the thoracic organs. T6 T7
Thoracic (12 vertebrae) T8 T9
T10
T11
T12 L1
The lumbar curve, a secondary curve, balances the weight of the trunk over the lower limbs; it develops with the ability to stand. L2 L3
Lumbar (5 vertebrae) L4 L5
The sacral curve, a primary curve, accommodates the abdominopelvic organs.
Sacral
Coccygeal

3. 7-5 The Vertebral Column Vertebrae The neck The upper back
Seven
The upper back 12
Each articulates with one or more pair of ribs
The lower back
Five
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4. 7-5 The Vertebral Column The Sacrum and Coccyx
The fifth lumbar vertebra articulates with the
The sacrum articulates with the
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5. 7-5 The Vertebral Column Four Spinal Curves curve Thoracic curve
Sacral curve
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6. 7-5 The Vertebral Column Thoracic and Sacral Curves
Are called (present during fetal development)
Lumbar and Cervical Curves
Are called (appear after birth)
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7. Figure 7-18a Vertebral Anatomy.
Vertebral arch
Articular processes
Pedicle
Vertebral body a
The major components of a typical vertebra

8. 7-5 The Vertebral Column Vertebral Anatomy The vertebral arch Pedicles
Walls of the vertebral arch
Laminae
Roof of the vertebral arch
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9. 7-5 The Vertebral Column Vertebral Anatomy The vertebral arch
Spinous process
Projection where vertebral laminae fuse
Transverse process
Projection where laminae join pedicles
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10. 7-5 The Vertebral Column Vertebral Anatomy The articular processes
Superior articular process
Inferior articular process
Have articular facets on articular faces
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11. Figure 7-18b Vertebral Anatomy.
Superior articular process
Pedicle
Transverse process
Vertebral body
Spinous process
Inferior articular facet
Arrow passing through vertebral foramen
Inferior articular process b
A lateral and slightly inferior view of a vertebra

12. Figure 7-18c Vertebral Anatomy.
Spinous process
Superior articular process
Inferior articular process
Transverse process
Inferior articular facet
Pedicle
Vertebral foramen
Vertebral body c
An inferior view of a vertebra

13. 7-5 The Vertebral Column Vertebral Foramina Intervertebral foramina
Gaps between pedicles of adjacent vertebrae
For nerve connections to spinal cord
Vertebral canal
Formed by vertebral foramina
Encloses the spinal cord
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14. 7-5 The Vertebral Column Intervertebral Are pads of fibrocartilage
Separate the vertebral bodies
Absorb
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15. Figure 7-18d Vertebral Anatomy.
Superior articular facets
Superior articular process
Lamina of vertebral arch
Spinous process
Intervertebral disc
Transverse process
Vertebral body
Inferior articular process d
A posterior view of three articulated vertebrae

16. Figure 7-18e Vertebral Anatomy.
Superior articular facets
Lamina of vertebral arch
Intervertebral foramen
Intervertebral disc
Spinous process
Transverse process
Vertebral body
Inferior articular facet
Arrow passing through vertebral canal e
A lateral and sectional view of three articulated vertebrae

17. 7-6 Vertebral Regions Vertebral Regions Vertebrae are numbered
By region, from top ( ) to bottom ( )
articulates with skull, with sacrum
Vertebrae of each region
Have characteristics determined by functions
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18. 7-6 Vertebral Regions Regions of the Vertebral Column Cervical (C) (T)
Lumbar (L)
(S)
Coccygeal (Co)
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19. 7-6 Vertebral Regions The Cervical Vertebrae
Small body (support only head)
Large vertebral foramen (largest part of spinal cord)
C1 (atlas) has no spinous process
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20. Figure 7-19a The Cervical Vertebrae.
Spinous process of vertebra prominens C7
A lateral view of the cervical vertebrae, C1–C7. a

21. Figure 7-19b The Cervical Vertebrae.
Vertebral arch
Spinous process
Lamina
Vertebral foramen
Superior articular process
Pedicle
Vertebral body
Transverse process
Superior articular facet
Transverse foramen
Costal process b
A superior view of a representative cervical vertebra showing characteristics of C3–C6. Notice the typical features listed in Table 7–1.

22. Figure 7-19c The Cervical Vertebrae.
Superior articular process
Transverse process
Inferior articular process
Spinous process
Bifid tip of spinous process
Location of transverse foramen
Inferior articular facet
Vertebral body c
A lateral view of the same vertebra as in b.

23. 7-6 Vertebral Regions The Cervical Vertebrae Transverse processes
Are fused to costal processes
Which encircle transverse foramina (protect arteries and veins)
Atlas (C1)
Articulates with occipital condyles of skull
Has no body or spinous process
Has a large, round foramen within anterior and posterior arches
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24. 7-6 Vertebral Regions The Cervical Vertebrae Axis (C2)
Supports the atlas
Has heavy spinous process
To attach muscles of head and neck
Axis and atlas bodies fuse during development to form the dens
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25. Figure 7-19d The Cervical Vertebrae.
Dens of axis
Anterior arch
Transverse ligament
Atlas (C1)
Posterior arch
Axis (C2) d
The atlas (C1) and axis (C2) in posterolateral view.

26. 7-6 Vertebral Regions Thoracic Vertebrae (T1–T12)
Have heart-shaped bodies
Larger bodies than in C1–C7
Smaller vertebral foramen than in C1–C7
Long, slender spinous processes
Dorsolateral surfaces of body have costal facets
Which articulate with heads of ribs
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27. 7-6 Vertebral Regions Thoracic Vertebrae (T1–T12) T1–T10
Have transverse costal facets
On thick transverse processes for rib articulation
Ribs at T1–T10
Contact costal and transverse costal facets
T1–T8 articulate with two pairs of ribs
At superior and inferior costal facets
T9–T11 articulate with one pair of ribs
T10–T12 transition to lumbar vertebrae
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28. Figure 7-20a The Thoracic Vertebrae.
Vertebra prominens C7 T1 T2
Intervertebral foramen T3 T4 T5 T6 T7
Thoracic vertebrae (T1–T12) T8 T9
T10
T11
T12 L1 a
A lateral view of the thoracic region of the vertebral column. The vertebra prominens (C7) resembles T1, but lacks facets for rib articulation. Vertebra T12 resembles the first lumbar vertebra (L1) but has a fact for rib articulation.

29. Figure 7-20b The Thoracic Vertebrae.
Spinous process
Transverse process
Lamina
Transverse costal facet
Superior articular facet
Vertebral foramen
Superior costal facet
Vertebral body b
Thoracic vertebra, superior view.

30. Figure 7-20c The Thoracic Vertebrae.
Superior costal facet for head of superior rib
Transverse costal facet for tubercle of superior rib
Transverse process
Vertebral body
Spinous process
Inferior costal facet for head of inferior rib c
Thoracic vertebra, lateral view.

31. 7-6 Vertebral Regions Lumbar Vertebrae (L1–L5) Largest vertebrae
Oval-shaped bodies
Thicker bodies than T1–T12
No costal or transverse costal facets
Triangular vertebral foramen
Superior articular processes
Face up and in
Inferior articular processes
Face down and out
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32. 7-6 Vertebral Regions Lumbar Vertebrae (L1–L5) Transverse processes
Slender
Project dorsolaterally
Spinous processes
Short, heavy
For attachment of lower back muscles
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33. Figure 7-21a The Lumbar Vertebrae.
Sacrum
Coccyx
A lateral view of the lumbar vertebrae, sacrum, and coccyx a

34. Figure 7-21b The Lumbar Vertebrae.
Superior articular process
Pedicle
Transverse process
Vertebral body
Spinous process
Inferior articular process
Inferior articular facet b
A lateral view of a typical lumbar vertebra

35. Figure 7-21c The Lumbar Vertebrae.
Spinous process
Superior articular facet
Lamina
Superior articular process
Transverse process
Transverse process
Vertebral foramen
Pedicle
Vertebral body c
A superior view of the same vertebra shown in part b

36. Table 7-1 Regional Differences in Vertebral Structure and Function (Part 1 of 2).

37. Table 7-1 Regional Differences in Vertebral Structure and Function (Part 2 of 2).

38. 7-6 Vertebral Regions The Sacrum
Is curved, more in males than in females
Protects reproductive, urinary, and digestive organs
Attaches:
The axial skeleton to pelvic girdle of appendicular skeleton
Broad muscles that move the thigh
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39. 7-6 Vertebral Regions The Sacrum The adult sacrum Sacral canal
Consists of five fused sacral vertebrae
Fuses between puberty and ages 25–30
Leaving transverse lines
Sacral canal
Replaces the vertebral canal
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40. 7-6 Vertebral Regions The Coccyx Mature coccyx
Consists of three to five fused coccygeal vertebrae
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41. Figure 7-22a The Sacrum and Coccyx.
Articular process
Entrance to sacral canal
Sacral tuberosity
Lateral sacral crest
Median sacral crest
Sacral hiatus
Sacral cornu
Coccygeal cornu
A posterior view a

42. Figure 7-22b The Sacrum and Coccyx.
Sacral promontory
Auricular surface
Lateral sacral crest
Median sacral crest
Sacral curve
Sacral cornu
Coccygeal cornu
Coccyx
A lateral view from the right side b

43. Figure 7-22c The Sacrum and Coccyx.
Base
Sacral promontory
Ala
Ala
Sacral foramina
Transverse lines
Apex
Coccyx
An anterior view c

44. 7-7 The Thoracic Cage The Thoracic Cage The Rib Cage
The skeleton of the chest
Supports the thoracic cavity
Consists of:
Thoracic vertebrae
Ribs
Sternum (breastbone)
The Rib Cage
Formed of ribs and sternum
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45. Figure 7-23a The Thoracic Cage.
Jugular notch T1
Clavicular articulation 1
Sternum
Manubrium 2 3
Body
True ribs (ribs 1–7) 4
Xiphoid process 5
Costal cartilages 6 10
T11 7
T12 11
Vertebrochondral ribs (ribs 8–10) 12 8 9
False ribs (ribs 8–12)
Floating ribs (ribs 11–12) a
An anterior view, showing the costal cartilages and the sternum

46. Figure 7-23b The Thoracic Cage.1 T2 1 2 T3 2 3 3 T4 4 4 T5 5 T6 5
True ribs (ribs 1–7) 6 T7 6 7 T8 7 8 T9 8
T10 9 9
T11 10
T12 10 11
False ribs (ribs 8–12) L1 11 12 12
A posterior view, showing the articulations of the ribs and vertebrae b

47. 7-7 The Thoracic Cage Functions of the Thoracic Cage
Protects organs of the thoracic cavity
Heart, lungs, and thymus
Attaches muscles
For respiration
Of the vertebral column
Of the pectoral girdle and the upper limbs
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48. 7-7 The Thoracic Cage Ribs (Costae) Are of long, curved, flat bones
Extending from the thoracic vertebrae
Ribs are divided into two types
True ribs
False ribs
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49. 7-7 The Thoracic Cage Ribs 1–7 ( ) Vertebrosternal ribs
Connected to the sternum by costal cartilages
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50. 7-7 The Thoracic Cage Ribs 8–12 ( )
Do not attach directly to the sternum
Vertebrochondral ribs (ribs 8–10)
Fuse together
Merge with cartilage before reaching the sternum
Floating or vertebral ribs (ribs 11–12)
Connect only to the vertebrae and back muscles
Have no connection with the sternum
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51. 7-7 The Thoracic Cage The Sternum A flat bone
In the midline of the thoracic wall
Three parts of the sternum
The
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52. 7-7 The Thoracic Cage Manubrium The superior portion of sternum
Broad, triangular shape
Articulates with (collarbones)
Articulates with cartilages of first rib pair
Has , a shallow indentation between clavicular articulations
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53. 7-7 The Thoracic Cage The Sternal Body The Xiphoid Process
Is tongue-shaped
Attaches to the manubrium
Attaches to of ribs 2–7
The Xiphoid Process
Is the smallest part of the sternum
Attaches to the sternal body
Attaches to and rectus abdominis muscles
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54. 7-7 The Thoracic Cage Development of the Sternum
The developing sternal body
Consists of four unfused bones
about age 25
Leaving transverse lines
The
Is the last part of sternum to fuse
Can easily be broken away
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