1. An Introduction to the Axial Skeleton
Structures of Bones
Contacts with other bones
(bone markings; marks)
Areas of muscle and ligament attachment
Openings for nerves and blood vessels
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2. 7-1 The Axial Skeleton The Axial Skeleton Forms the of the body
Has bones
The
8 cranial bones
14 facial bones
Bones associated with the skull
6 auditory
The hyoid bone
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3. 7-1 The Axial Skeleton The Axial Skeleton The vertebral column
(singular  vertebra)
The sacrum
The coccyx
The cage
24 ribs
The sternum
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4. Figure 7-1a The Axial Skeleton.
SKELETAL SYSTEM
206
APPENDICULAR SKELETON
AXIAL SKELETON 80
(see Figure 8-1) 8
Cranium
Skull 14
Face
Skull and associated bones
Auditory ossicles 29 6
Associated bones 1
Hyoid 1
Sternum
Thoracic cage 25 24
Ribs 24
Vertebrae 1
Sacrum 26
Vertebral column 1
Coccyx a
An anterior view of the entire skeleton, with the axial components highlighted. The numbers in the boxes indicate the number of bones in the adult skeleton.

5. Figure 7-1b The Axial Skeleton.
Skull
Cervical vertebrae
Sternum
Thoracic vertebrae
Ribs
Costal cartilages
Lumbar vertebrae
Sacrum
Coccyx
Anterior (left) and posterior (right) views of the axial skeleton. The individual bones associated with the skull are not visible. b

6. 7-1 The Axial Skeleton Functions of the
Supports and protects organs in body cavities
Attaches to muscles of head, neck, and trunk
Performs respiratory movements
Stabilizes parts of
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7. 7-2 The Skull The Skull : The brain Entrances to respiratory system
Entrance to digestive system
22 bones 8
Form the braincase, or cranium 14
Protect and support entrances to digestive and respiratory tracts
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8. Figure 7-2 Cranial and Facial Subdivisions of the Skull (Part 1 of 3).
FACE 14
CRANIUM 8
ASSOCIATED BONES 7 7
Maxillae 2
Occipital bone 1
Palatine bones 2
Parietal bones 2 1
Hyoid bone 1
Auditory ossicles enclosed in temporal bones (detailed in Chapter 17) 6
Nasal bones 2
Frontal bone
Inferior nasal conchae 2
Temporal bones 2
Zygomatic bones 2
Sphenoid 1
Lacrimal bones 2
Ethmoid 1
Vomer 1
Mandible 1
Hyoid bone

9. Figure 7-2 Cranial and Facial Subdivisions of the Skull (Part 2 of 3).
Frontal bone
Parietal bone
Nasal bone
Lacrimal bone
Vomer
Temporal bone
Zygomatic bone
Ethmoid
Maxilla
Sphenoid
Occipital bone
Mandible
Facial bones protect and support the entrances to the digestive and respiratory tracts.
Cranial bones surround and protect the brain.

10. Figure 7-2 Cranial and Facial Subdivisions of the Skull (Part 3 of 3).
Auditory ossicles