NATIONALISM

Difference between Ethnicity & Nationality EthnicityNationality Identity with a group of people that share distinct physical and mental traits as a product of common heredity and cultural traditions. Culture Identity with a group of people that share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular place as a result of being born there. Location

Nationalism Loyalty to a location Nationalism can be an example of a centripetal or centrifugal force Centripetal forces Unify Stabilize Strengthen Bind together Fosters solidarity Centrifugal forces Divide Devolution Disrupts order Destabilize Weaken bonds

Nationalism PositivesNegatives Promotes culture Creates pride in nationality & national interests Unites (Centripetal) Example: WWII Roosevelt, Churchill, Allies used nationalism to unite & ignite their countries towards victory Promoting nationalism at the expense of other nation-states Divides (Centrifugal) Example WWII Hitler, Mussolini & Tojo used nationalism to exploit their countries to commit genocide & subjugate other nations

Forces in India CentripetalCentrifugal Religion Hinduism Language Hindi or English. Government Representative democracy Transportation railroads Expressions of national pride General: anthem, flag, sports Specific: Cricket Religion Hinduism vs. Islam Language official languages (4 language families) Government 28 states in India, people show allegiance to that state over the country. Ethnicities Sikhs in Punjab Disputes about land Kashmir dispute between Pakistan & India

Ethnic Conflict

Sudan North: Arab-Muslim dominated South: Black Christian & animist War between the North & South in an attempt to move from a multinational state to a multiethnic state resulted in the creation of a new state, South Sudan West: Black Muslim in the Darfur region Black African resent discrimination and neglect by Sudanese government. Fighting began in 2003, est. 400,000 have died, 2 million have become refugees UN considers the rape & mass murders to be genocide East: A collection of ethnicities Fought 2004 – 2006 over oil profits

Yugoslavia 7 – neighbors Austria, Greece, Italy, Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary & Romania 6 – republics Bosnia & Herzegovina (1), Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia & Slovenia 5 – nationalities Croats, Macedonians, Montenegrins, Serbs, Slovenes 4 – official languages Croatian, Macedonian, Serbian, Slovene 3 – major religions Roman Catholic, Orthodox & Islam 2 – alphabets Roman & Cyrillic 1 – currency Dinar

Break-up of Yugoslavia Ethnic conflict reemerged in Yugoslavia in 1980s Led to the creation of 6 sovereign nations (not nation-states, as we will see later) 1.Bosnia & Herzegovina 2.Croatia 3.Slovenia 4.Macedonia (often referred to the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia or FYRM) 5.Serbia 6.Montenegro

Bosnia & Herzegovina Ethnicities 48% Bosnian Muslim 37% Serb 14% Croat Serbs & Croats tried to make areas of the country so homogenous that they could then join with Croatia or Serbia Ethnic Cleansing 1996 reached an agreement to divide up country Serbs = ½ land Croats = ¼ land Muslims = ¼ land

Balkanization Too many ethnicities to divide up into one or more stable states Example of Balkanization WWI volatile states of the Balkan Peninsula drag larger states into conflict With the ethnic cleansing in Bosnia & Kosovo, Balkanization is reemerging as a major concern.

Kosovo Serbia still a multiethnic country Kosovo = 90% ethnic Albanians 1998 Serbia began ethnic cleansing Kosovo of ethnic Albanians 750,000 of the 2 million ethnic Albanians fled to Albania U.S. & Western Europe gets involved Serbia withdraw and Kosovo declared independence 60 countries recognize its sovereignty Including U.S. Excluding Serbia & Russia

Ethnic Cleansing in Rwanda Two major ethnic groups Hutus – 85% Tutsis – 14% During colonial era: Tutsis held position of power over Hutus Post-colonial era: Hutus used majority to come to power; reprisals against Tutsis escalated matters Ethnic Cleansing (More accurately Genocide) 1994: Presidents of Burundi & Rwanda killed in plane crash blamed on Rwanda Patriotic Front (RPF), a group made up of displaced Tutsis For several weeks, systematic attacks of Hutus against Tutsis killed as many as 1 million people; between 150,000 – 250,000 women were raped

Genocide

Legal Definition of Genocide A)Mental Element: The intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group. B)Physical Element: Committing the following crimes on one or more than one of the groups above: Killing members of the group Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group. Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction. Imposing measure intended to prevent births Forcibly transferring children of the group to another.

The 8 Stages of Genocide 1.Classification ("us" vs. "them") 2.Symbolization (hate speech) 3.Dehumanization ("swine," "vermin") 4.Organization (special units) 5.Polarization (propaganda) 6.Preparation (lists, targets) 7.Extermination (murder) 8.Denial (complete denial, “accidents,” etc.)