CHAPTER 33 The Great War: The World in Upheaval 1

JOHN GREEN EXPLAINS: UKRAINE “I can see Russia from my house,” said Sarah Palin. “We can see Russia from our house too,” said all of Ukraine. Get it? You know, because Russia is kind of invading Ukraine 2

CAUSES OF WWI Before we begin discussing WWI, I want to see what you already know. On the chart paper provided, list ALL of the causes of The Great War (short term, long term, conspiracy theories, etc…) 3

DISCUSSION What causes did you all have in common? What causes did you all have in common? Did anybody have a cause that you disagreed with? Did anybody have a cause that you disagreed with? What was the MOST IMPORTANT cause of WWI? Why? What was the MOST IMPORTANT cause of WWI? Why? 4

IMMEDIATE ORIGINS OF WORLD WAR I June 28, 1914, assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand ( ) June 28, 1914, assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand ( ) Sarajevo, Bosnia-Herzegovina Sarajevo, Bosnia-Herzegovina Occupied by Austro-Hungarian empire 1878, annexed 1908 Occupied by Austro-Hungarian empire 1878, annexed 1908 Ferdinand in favor of greater Serbian autonomy Ferdinand in favor of greater Serbian autonomy Not enough for Serbian extremists Not enough for Serbian extremists 5

GAVRILO PRINCIP Bosnian Serb ( ) Bosnian Serb ( ) One of seven assassins One of seven assassins First balked, second bungled, attempted suicide First balked, second bungled, attempted suicide Princip shot Ferdinand and expectant wife Sophie as couple went to hospital to visit victims Princip shot Ferdinand and expectant wife Sophie as couple went to hospital to visit victims Princip swallows ineffective cyanide; captured by mob and tortured Princip swallows ineffective cyanide; captured by mob and tortured Too young to be executed, sentenced to 20 years in prison, dies of tuberculosis Too young to be executed, sentenced to 20 years in prison, dies of tuberculosis 6

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CAUSES OF CONFLICTS…WARS “For in every adult there dwells the child that was, and in every child there lies the adult that will be.” John Connolly

CHILDREN PRACTICING TO BE ADULTS

FIRST CAUSE OF WAR: “GIVE ME YOUR LUNCH MONEY!” One kid wants what another kid has.One kid wants what another kid has. Adults do this as well, its called…Adults do this as well, its called…

IMPERIALISM A policy of extending a country’s power and influence through diplomatic and military force.A policy of extending a country’s power and influence through diplomatic and military force. Roman EmpireRoman Empire Spanish EmpireSpanish Empire British EmpireBritish Empire Scramble for AfricaScramble for Africa Mandates (post WW 1 and 2)Mandates (post WW 1 and 2)

SECOND CAUSE: “YOU’RE STUPID…YOUR MOM IS UGLY….YOUR BROTHER IS…” Kids making fun of other kids because ofKids making fun of other kids because of Race Race Religion Religion Social Economic Differences Social Economic Differences Doesn’t matter if it is true or not. Doesn’t matter if it is true or not. Can also take the form of “I’m better than you because you are…” Can also take the form of “I’m better than you because you are…” Adults call it… Adults call it…

NATIONALISM Patriotic feeling, principles, or efforts.Patriotic feeling, principles, or efforts. Not necessarily bad within moderation, but it can escalate into a driving force to push one peoples against another.Not necessarily bad within moderation, but it can escalate into a driving force to push one peoples against another.

THIRD CAUSE: “ME AND MY FRIENDS CAN BEAT UP YOU AND YOUR FRIENDS!” It is a lot easier to go after someone when you have friends to back you up.It is a lot easier to go after someone when you have friends to back you up. When adults do this they make….When adults do this they make….

ALLIANCES A union or association formed for mutual benefit, esp. between countries or organizations. This may be an alliance to Trade Protect/Defend Exclude

FOURTH CAUSE: “I HAVE A STICK….AND NOW I AM GOING TO USE IT.” The first person to make a fist and use it…then throw a rock…find a stick…so and so on.The first person to make a fist and use it…then throw a rock…find a stick…so and so on. Adults call this…Adults call this… * Do you get it…stick figures using sticks to fight…now that is irony.

MILITARISM The belief or desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests.The belief or desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests.

OUTCOME OF PRINCIP’S BULLET First conflict of global proportions First conflict of global proportions Conservative estimates of 15 million dead (5 million non-combatants), 20 million injured Conservative estimates of 15 million dead (5 million non-combatants), 20 million injured End of four empires, rise of nine new countries End of four empires, rise of nine new countries Massive global economic dislocations Massive global economic dislocations End of Europe’s domination of globe End of Europe’s domination of globe 22

LARGER CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I Culmination of competing nationalisms Culmination of competing nationalisms Especially in south, eastern Europe Especially in south, eastern Europe Rivalry among empires Rivalry among empires Especially between Britain and Germany Especially between Britain and Germany Inflexible diplomatic alliances Inflexible diplomatic alliances Germany, France, England, Russia Germany, France, England, Russia 23

COMPETING NATIONALISMS Inevitable outcome of French revolution Inevitable outcome of French revolution Self-determination and independence movements Self-determination and independence movements Belgium, 1830 Belgium, 1830 Unification of Italy, 1861 Unification of Italy, 1861 Unification of Germany, 1871 Unification of Germany,

NATIONALISM IN MULTI- NATIONAL EMPIRES Austro-Hungarian empire Austro-Hungarian empire South Slavs South Slavs Russian empire Russian empire Poles, Ukrainians, Baltic states Poles, Ukrainians, Baltic states Ottoman empire Ottoman empire Greeks, Serbians, Romanians, and Bulgarians Greeks, Serbians, Romanians, and Bulgarians 25

RIVALRY AMONG EMPIRES Dominance of British empire declining Dominance of British empire declining 1870, 32% of world industrial output (Germany 13%) 1870, 32% of world industrial output (Germany 13%) Drops to 14% by 1914 Drops to 14% by 1914 Imperial competition Imperial competition Germany latecomer, but aggressive Germany latecomer, but aggressive Small-scale disputes around the globe, especially in Balkans Small-scale disputes around the globe, especially in Balkans 26

NAVAL COMPETITION Arms race between United Kingdom and Germany to control seas Arms race between United Kingdom and Germany to control seas Decisive for control of trade routes in case of war Decisive for control of trade routes in case of war Construction of dreadnoughts Construction of dreadnoughts 27

ROLE OF PUBLIC OPINION Beginning of media age Beginning of media age Availability of cheap newspapers Availability of cheap newspapers Little accountability Little accountability Awkward pressure on politicians Awkward pressure on politicians Sacrifice diplomatic expediency for public support Sacrifice diplomatic expediency for public support 28

INFLEXIBLE DIPLOMATIC ALLIANCES Agreements of mutual defense Agreements of mutual defense Chain reaction for global war Chain reaction for global war Triple Alliance Triple Alliance Germany and Austro-Hungarians (1879), joined by Italians 1882 Germany and Austro-Hungarians (1879), joined by Italians 1882 Triple Entente Triple Entente Russia, France, and the United Kingdom Russia, France, and the United Kingdom 29

CONCERNS OF THE ENTENTE Cultural similarities of Germany, Austro-Hungary Cultural similarities of Germany, Austro-Hungary Worries over two-front war Worries over two-front war Worries over English domination of the sea Worries over English domination of the sea Worries over possibility of French attack, Russian interference over Austrian Balkan policies Worries over possibility of French attack, Russian interference over Austrian Balkan policies 30

CONCERNS OF THE ALLIANCE Russia worried about strong German-Austro-Hungarian alliance Russia worried about strong German-Austro-Hungarian alliance United Kingdom concerned with maintaining balance of power United Kingdom concerned with maintaining balance of power France worried about hostilities with Germany France worried about hostilities with Germany Military pact signed, summer 1914 Military pact signed, summer 1914 Reciprocal treaty obligations Reciprocal treaty obligations 31

MUTUALLY THREATENING WAR PLANS French “Plan XVII” French “Plan XVII” Heavy emphasis on rapid offensives Heavy emphasis on rapid offensives German Schlieffen plan German Schlieffen plan Fear of encirclement Fear of encirclement France to be defeated swiftly, then attention turned to Russia France to be defeated swiftly, then attention turned to Russia Conditional on mobilization of enemy forces Conditional on mobilization of enemy forces 32

THE CHAIN REACTION 23 July, Austrians issue ultimatum to Serbs 23 July, Austrians issue ultimatum to Serbs 28 July, Austrians declare war 28 July, Austrians declare war 29 July, Russia mobilizes to defend Serbia 29 July, Russia mobilizes to defend Serbia 31 July, Germany issues ultimatums to Russia, France 31 July, Germany issues ultimatums to Russia, France 1 August, Germany declares war on Russia; France mobilizes 1 August, Germany declares war on Russia; France mobilizes 3 August, Germans declare war on France, invade Belgium 3 August, Germans declare war on France, invade Belgium 4 August, Britain comes to defense of Belgium 4 August, Britain comes to defense of Belgium 33

WAR OF ATTRITION West: three years of stalemate West: three years of stalemate Trenches from English channel to Switzerland Trenches from English channel to Switzerland East: more movement, treaty of Brest-Litovsk in March 1918 places much in Entente control East: more movement, treaty of Brest-Litovsk in March 1918 places much in Entente control 34

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NEW MILITARY TECHNOLOGY Barbed wire, machine gun Barbed wire, machine gun Gas Gas First used by German troops, 1915 First used by German troops, 1915 Mustard gas: 800,000 casualties Mustard gas: 800,000 casualties Tanks Tanks Initially effective, but ground quickly lost to counterattacks Initially effective, but ground quickly lost to counterattacks Airplanes Airplanes Limited bombing, strafing, used primarily for reconnaissance Limited bombing, strafing, used primarily for reconnaissance Dirigibles Dirigibles Submarines Submarines 36

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The Zeppelin - Dhirajibles

British Tank at Ypres

Flame Throwers Grenade Launchers

OTHER FRONTS A.Submarines

DID YOU READ THE REST OF THE CHAPTER AS ASSIGNED? If your answer is no….answer this question… Did you already take World History? No? Uh oh….you might miss one or two questions on the quiz today!  46

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Three Reasons for Expansion 1.European governments took their problems to their colonies 2.Europeans needed extra bodies to fill their ranks 3.Japan, US, Ottomans had little to do with Sarajevo 3UjJ5kxiLI&feature=youtu.be 3UjJ5kxiLI&feature=youtu.be 48

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BRUTALITY OF NEW WARFARE Unprecedented casualties Unprecedented casualties Verdun, 1916 Verdun, ,000 French killed 315,000 French killed 280,000 German casualties 280,000 German casualties Less than 160,000 bodies recovered Less than 160,000 bodies recovered The Somme, British gain few thousand yards The Somme, British gain few thousand yards 420,000 casualties 420,000 casualties No significant strategic advantage No significant strategic advantage 50

THE GREAT WAR IN EUROPE AND SOUTHWEST ASIA,

TOTAL WAR: THE HOME FRONT Implications of modern industrial war: concept of a “home front” Implications of modern industrial war: concept of a “home front” Government takes command of economies Government takes command of economies Women in the workforce Women in the workforce TNT poisoning: yellow skin, orange hair TNT poisoning: yellow skin, orange hair Bombing of civilian areas by zeppelins Bombing of civilian areas by zeppelins 52

WAR PROPAGANDA Maintenance of public support for war Maintenance of public support for war Untruths Untruths Irony: Disbelief of WWI propaganda makes belief in WWII atrocities more difficult Irony: Disbelief of WWI propaganda makes belief in WWII atrocities more difficult 53

WORLD WAR I PROPAGANDA - BRITISH

AMERICAN PROPAGANDA

Australian Poster

American Poster

Financing the War

German Poster Think of Your Children!

GLOBAL INVOLVEMENT Germs were more deadly than Germans! Germs were more deadly than Germans! Importation of troops from colonies Importation of troops from colonies United Kingdom: Australia, New Zealand, Canada United Kingdom: Australia, New Zealand, Canada Gallipoli Gallipoli What was the result? What did this lead to? What was the result? What did this lead to? Japanese designs on China with distraction of European powers Japanese designs on China with distraction of European powers Twenty-one secret demands Twenty-one secret demands 60

COLLAPSE OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE Russia: March Revolution, 1917 Russia: March Revolution, 1917 Germany smuggles Lenin into provisional government in Russia Germany smuggles Lenin into provisional government in Russia November Revolution, creation of the USSR November Revolution, creation of the USSR Treaty of Brest-Litovsk cedes Poland, Baltic countries, Ukraine to Central Powers Treaty of Brest-Litovsk cedes Poland, Baltic countries, Ukraine to Central Powers 61

U.S. ENTERS THE WAR U.S. and the war economy U.S. and the war economy Sale of goods to the Allies Sale of goods to the Allies Debts to American banks Debts to American banks U.S. neutrality a mirage U.S. neutrality a mirage German blockade of British overseas trade German blockade of British overseas trade Submarine patrols Submarine patrols Sinking of Lusitania, May 7, 1915 Sinking of Lusitania, May 7, ,198 lives lost (128 U.S.) 1,198 lives lost (128 U.S.) Carried munitions Carried munitions U.S. declares war April 1917 U.S. declares war April

US ENTERS THE WAR  How long can we remain neutral? – United States opposed German tactics, but physically did nothing.  1916 Election – Wilson wins reelection under the platform that he “Kept us out of War”  Zimmermann note – Germany promises U.S. land to Mexico if they would join the German cause promises U.S. land to Mexico if they would join the German cause  US declares war on April 6 th, 1917

PRIMARY DOCUMENTS: OUR WINDOWS TO THE PAST What are your initial observations about the telegram that was sent from German Secretary Zimmerman to the Mexican government? How was the telegram sent? Can you make any suggestions as to how the telegram was intercepted or decoded?

Class Discussion Questions Locate the territory offered by the Germans to the Mexicans, and calculate how much the territory offered to Mexico would increase the size of that country. What geographical advantages would the Germans gain by Mexican entry into the war? What was the role of Japan? What events in 1916 and 1917 contributed to the impact the Zimmermann telegram would have on the American public? Would the United States have remained neutral if the Zimmermann telegram had not been revealed?

MEXICO AND LANDS THAT GERMANY WAS OFFERING

DEFEAT OF THE CENTRAL POWERS Fall of 1918, exhaustion of Central Powers troops Fall of 1918, exhaustion of Central Powers troops Bulgaria, Ottomans, Austro-Hungarians, Germans surrender Bulgaria, Ottomans, Austro-Hungarians, Germans surrender Armistice: November 11, 1918 Armistice: November 11,

THE PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE Dominated by France, Great Britain, and the United States Dominated by France, Great Britain, and the United States No Central Powers representation No Central Powers representation A dictated peace A dictated peace Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points Peace treaties harsh on Central Powers Peace treaties harsh on Central Powers 69

TERRITORIAL CHANGES IN EUROPE AFTER THE GREAT WAR 70

THE END OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE Treaty of Sèvres (1920) removes Balkan and Arab provinces, allows for European occupation of south and east Anatolia Treaty of Sèvres (1920) removes Balkan and Arab provinces, allows for European occupation of south and east Anatolia Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk) leads uprising against sultanate, creates Republic of Turkey Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk) leads uprising against sultanate, creates Republic of Turkey Allies recognize republic in Treaty of Lausanne (1923) Allies recognize republic in Treaty of Lausanne (1923) Intensely secular government, women’s rights Intensely secular government, women’s rights 71

TERRITORIAL CHANGES IN SOUTHWEST ASIA AFTER THE GREAT WAR 72

THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS League of Nations created by diplomats in Paris League of Nations created by diplomats in Paris 42 original member-states, 26 non-European 42 original member-states, 26 non-European Application of Wilson’s concept of “self-determination” Application of Wilson’s concept of “self-determination” Mandate system created to control formerly colonized areas Mandate system created to control formerly colonized areas 73

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CCOT Analyze the changes and continuities in religious beliefs and practices in Latin America from 1492 to the present. Write a few Changes and Continuities down on your paper for our discussion. 75

Changes: Local indigenous religions to Catholicism Polytheism - Monotheism Ending human sacrifice (Aztecs) Introduction of other world religions (Protestantism, Buddhism, Islam) 76

Continuities: Lots of rituals (prayer, worship, etc…) Indigenous religions beliefs still exist Holidays, festivals, celebrations Religion is/was very important part of everyday life 77

- cartoon summary WWI as BART FIGHT!! History of music/dance discussion Writing on the CCOT prompt from prezi!! 78