1. The Great War: The World in Upheaval
Chapter 33
The Great War: The World in Upheaval

2. Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914 The “Powder Keg” of Europe

3. The “Spark”

4. The Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

5. The Assassin:
Gavrilo Princip

6. Gavrilo Princip Bosnian Serb (1894-1918)
Princip shot Ferdinand, expectant wife Sophie as couple went to hospital to visit victims
Princip swallows ineffective cyanide

7. Who’s To Blame?

8. A Chain Reaction
Austria-Hungary blamed Serbia for the murders and made harsh demands on Serbia.
Serbia refused to comply with the demands.
Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia on July 28.
Russia, a Slavic nation and friend of Serbia, mobilized its troops for war.
Germany, an ally of Austria-Hungary, declared war on Russia.
Germany declared war on France, an ally of Russia.
Germany invaded Belgium on August 3, 1914, so that German forces could enter France more easily.
Britain declares war on Germany.

9. The Alliance System
Triple Entente:
Triple Alliance:

10. Two Armed Camps!
Central Powers:
Allied Powers:

11. Inflexible Diplomatic Alliances
Agreements of mutual defense
Triple Alliance
Germany-Austro-Hungarians (1879), joined by Italians 1882
Triple Entente
Russia, France, and the UK

12. Europe in 1914

13. Economic & Imperial Rivalries

14. Outcome of Princip’s Bullet
First conflict of global proportions
Conservative estimates of 15 million dead (5 million non-combatants), 20 million injured
End of three empires, rise of nine new countries
Massive global economic dislocations
End of Europe’s domination of globe
Outcome of Princip’s Bullet

15. Larger Causes of World War I
Militarism
Buildup of massive armies
Alliances
- Germany, France, England, Russia
Imperialism
- Especially between Britain and Germany
Nationalism
- Especially in South, Eastern Europe

16. Rivalry among Empires Dominance of British Empire declining
1870, 32% of world industrial output (Germany 13%)
drops to 14% by 1914
Imperial competition
Germany latecomer, but aggressive

17. Naval Competition Arms race between UK and Germany to control seas
Decisive for control of trade routes

18. Role of Public Opinion Beginning of media age
Availability of cheap newspapers
Little accountability

19. Financing the War

20. For Recruitment

21. Munitions Workers

22. Working in the Fields

23. A Woman Ambulance Driver

24. Red Cross Nurses

25. Women in the Army Auxiliary

26. Mutually Threatening War Plans
German Schlieffen plan
Fear of encirclement
France to be defeated swiftly, then attention turned to Russia
Invasion through Belgium

27. War of Attrition West: three years of stalemate
Trenches from English channel to Switzerland
East: more movement, Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in March 1918

28. New Military Technology
Barbed wire, Gatling Gun
Poison Gas
Tanks
Airplanes
Submarines

29. Brutality of New Warfare
Unprecedented causalities
Verdun, 1916
315,000 French killed
280,000 German casualties
Less than 160,000 bodies recovered
The Somme, British gain few thousand yards
420,000 casualties
No significant strategic advantage

30. Total War: The Home Front
Implications of modern industrial war: concept of a “home front”
Government takes command of economies
Women in the workforce
Bombing of civilian areas by Zeppelins

31. Mobilization in England
Home by Christmas!
No major war in 50 years!
Nationalism!

32. Recruitment Posters

34. German Women Factory Workers

35. Russian Women Soldiers

36. War Propaganda Maintenance of public support for war Untruths
Irony: disbelief of WWI propaganda makes belief in WWII atrocities more difficult

37. Australian Poster

38. American Poster

39. Financing the War

40. Global Involvement Importation of troops from colonies
UK: Australia, New Zealand, Canada
Japanese designs on China with distraction of European powers

41. Collapse of the Russian Empire
Russia: February Revolution, 1917
Germany smuggles Lenin into Provisional Government Russia
October Revolution, creation of the USSR
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk cedes Poland, Baltic countries, Ukraine to central Powers

42. USA Enters the War US and the war economy
German blockade of British overseas trade
Sinking of Lusitania, May 7, 1915
1,198 lives lost (128 US)
Carried munitions
Zimmerman Telegram
US declares war April 1917

43. The Sinking of the Lusitania

44. The Zimmerman Telegram

45. The Yanks Are Coming!

46. Trench Warfare

47. Trench Warfare
“No Man’s Land”

48. War Is HELL !!

49. German submarine U9 (1914)

50. A Canadian soldier with mustard gas burns, ca. 1917-1918

51. British 55th Division troops blinded by tear gas await treatment at an Advanced Dressing Station near Bethune during the Battle of Estaires, 10 April 1918, part of the German offensive in Flanders.

52. German infantry improvising gas masks during the First World War (probably 1915)

53. British Vickers machine gun crew wearing anti-gas helmets, July 1916

54. German artillery soldier and horses wearing gas masks during the First World War

55. Sacrifices in War

56. French Renault Tank

57. U-Boats

58. “Squadron Over the Brenta” Max Edler von Poosch, 1917
The Airplane
“Squadron Over the Brenta” Max Edler von Poosch, 1917

59. The Zeppelin

60. Flame Throwers
Grenade Launchers

61. Poison Gas
Machine Gun

62. Defeat of the Central Powers
Fall of 1918, exhaustion of Central Powers troops
Bulgaria, Ottomans, Austro-Hungarians, Germans surrender
Armistice: November 11, 1918

63. The Armistice is Signed!
11 a.m., November 11, 1918
The Armistice is Signed!

64. The Paris Peace Conference
Dominated by France, Great Britain, and the United States
No Central Powers representation
A dictated peace
Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Peace treaties harsh on Central Powers

65. Territorial changes in Europe after the Great War

67. One of thousands of mass Armenian graves

68. Turkish Genocide Against Armenians
A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!

69. The End of the Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Empire is dismantled by the western powers after WW1.
Self-determination

70. Territorial changes in Southwest Asia after the Great War

71. Mustafa Kemal
Kemal later called himself Kemal Ataturk, meaning “father of the Turks.”
Kemal worked to modernize and westernize Turkey, believing that it was only through change that Turkey could survive.

72. Turkey’s Westernization
Islamic code was replaced with a new law code
The Muslim calendar was replaced
Western dress.
State secular schools and colleges were set up.
Women no longer had to wear veils, allowed to vote and could work
railroads, roads and factories.
Kemal and Ismet (The second President of Turkey)

73. The League of Nations 42 original member-states, 26 non-European
Goal was to keep the peace worldwide
Mandate system created to control formerly colonized areas
U.S. never joined

74. The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial Losses – Land was taken from Germany.
Military Restrictions – Germany’s army and navy were restricted to a minimal size.
War Guilt – Germany had to accept full responsibility for the war and pay huge reparations, or large sums of money, to help undo war damage and expenses.

75. World War I Casualties