Recognizing Different Sports Injuries Chapter 13 Pages

Acute vs. Chronic Acute (Traumatic) Injuries: fractures, dislocations, subluxations, contusions, ligament sprains, muscle strains, muscle soreness, and nerve injury Chronic (Overuse) Injuries: tendinitis, tenosynovitis, bursitis, osteoarthritis, and trigger points.

Acute Injury: Fractures Anatomy of a Long Bone: diaphysis, epiphysis, articular cartilage, and periosteum. Signs and symptoms: obvious deformity, point tenderness, swelling, pain with ROM, and/or crepitus. Fractures can occur via the following forces: tension, compression, bending, twisting, and shear. Fracture Healing Open vs. closed fractures. Immobilization for period of 3-6 weeks. Osteoblasts must lay down extra bone formation and form a callus. Osteoclasts help to reshape the bone in response to normal stresses and strains. Types of fractures with pictures available in your text on pages

Acute Injury: Dislocations and Subluxations Dislocation – a bone is forced out of alignment and stays out until it is either manually or surgically put back into place or reduced. Commonly occur at the shoulder, elbow, and fingers. Subluxation – a bone pops out of its normal articulation but then goes right back into place. Commonly occur at the shoulder and patella. Dislocations and subluxations may result in a rupture of stabilizing ligaments and tendons surrounding the joint. Compare bilaterally. Dislocations should never be reduced immediately and considered a potential fracture. Other concerns: avulsion fracture, growth plate injury, and/or damage to nerve/blood vessels.

Acute Injury: Ligament Sprains Sprain – injury to a ligament that connects bone to bone. A ligament is a tough, inelastic band of tissue that connects one bone to another. Anatomy of a synovial joint: articular/hyaline cartilage, joint capsule, synovial membrane, and synovial fluid. Mechanoreceptors - located in muscles, tendons, ligaments, and joints - provides information regarding the position of a joint. Meniscus The anatomical position of a ligament determines what motions a joint is capable of making. Classification of ligament sprains: Grade 1 sprain, Grade 2 sprain, and Grade 3 sprain.

Acute Injury: Muscle Injuries Muscle strain – a stretch, tear, or rip in the muscle or tendon. Severity of damage: grade 1, grade 2, and grade 3 muscle strains. Muscle cramps – involuntary muscle contraction. Muscle guarding – muscle contraction in response to pain. Muscle soreness: acute-onset muscle soreness and delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) Contusion – results when soft tissues are compressed between bone and external force. Nerve Injuries Nerve injuries usually involve compression or tension; Trauma can result in hypoesthesia, hyperesthesia,and/or paraesthesia. Neuritis – chronic nerve irritation.

Chronic Overuse Injuries Tendinitis – inflammation of a tendon. Tenosynovitis – inflammation of a tendon and its synovial sheath. Bursitis – inflammation of the bursa sac. Osteoarthritis – a wearing down of hyaline cartilage. Myofascial trigger point – area of tenderness in a tight band of muscle.

Healing Process Inflammatory Response Phase Most critical phase of healing process; begins immediately following injury; phagocytes eat debris; chemicals released; 2-4 days Fibroblastic Repair Phase Fibroplasia; hours to weeks; signs and symptoms associated with inflammation begin to decrease; injury still tender to touch and painful with ROM Maturation-Remodeling Phase Long-term process; realignment of scar tissue per tensile forces placed on scar