Speech is Power Persuasive Techniques and Rhetorical Devices

Types of Speeches Political Speech: focuses on an issue relating to government or politics. Usually, the speaker tries to persuade people to think or act in a certain way. Address: a formal speech that is prepared for a special occasion (ex: “The Gettysburg Address”) Sermon: a speech that is usually based on scriptural text and is intended to provide religious instruction (“Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”)

Ethos, pathos, logos Ethos: appeals to authority Pathos: appeals to emotion Logos: appeals to logic  Inductive reasoning: draws a conclusion from specific cases  Deductive reasoning: applies a principle to specific cases  Syllogisms: arguments made up or 2 premises and a conclusion  Analogy: show points of similarity between different topics (using something familiar to describe the unfamiliar)

Persuasion Speech or writing that tries to get the audience to think or act in a certain way. Persuasive Techniques: the methods that a speaker or writer uses to sway and audience Most effective speeches use a mixture of persuasive appeals.

Persuasive Techniques Logical appeal: build a well-reasoned argument based on evidence, such as facts, statistics, or expert testimony Emotional Appeal: attempts to arouse the audience’s feelings, often by using loaded words. Loaded words: Words that convey strong emotion

Persuasive Techniques Ethical Appeal: an appeal showing that an argument is just or fair Appeal to Authority: when an appeal shows that a higher power supports the idea presented (Barak Obama approves this message)

Rhetorical Devices: Repetition: restating an idea using the same words (ex: “I have a Dream”) Restatement: expressing the same idea using different words (Lincoln: “we can not desecrate-we can not consecrate-we can not hallow-this ground”) Parallelism: repeating a grammatical structure (She is a goddess in our minds; she is an angel in our hearts)

Rhetorical Devices: Antithesis: using strongly contrasting words, images, or ideas (“ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country”) Rhetorical questions: asking questions for effect, not to get actual answers Allusions: referring to well-known people, places, events, or stories.

Allusions: Literary Allusions: refers to characters, authors, books of literature (She went down the rabbit hole when she asked her question.) Biblical Allusions: refers to people, places, events, stories from the Christian Bible (Hurt: “I wear this crown of thorns”) Historical Allusions: refers to people, places, events in History Greek Allusions: Refers to people, places, events, stories in Greek mythology (Iron Man: Trojan Horse)

Autobiography and Aphorisms Autobiography: life history written by the person who actually experienced it  Auto: meaning “self”  Bio: meaning “life”  Graph: meaning “write” Aphorisms: short saying with a message (an apple a day keeps the doctor away)

Negative Persuasive Techniques: Logical Fallacies: types of reasoning that may seem convincing but contain inherent flaws  Ad hominem: attack on a person’s character  False causality: an assumption that because A happened before B, A caused B (war happened, gas prices went up=war caused high gas prices)  Red herring: distracting listeners from a more important issue (ISIS dropped more bombs, but Kim Kardashian and Kanye West get in a fight at the Oscars…more to come on their epic food fight)  Bandwagon: it is right because it is popular  Propaganda: presenting one side of an argument as correct (other side is not included)