1. Rhetoric Rhetoric- the art of persuasively speaking or writing
To be an effective and persuasive writer/speaker:
Clearly state the issue and position
Give an opinion and support it with facts and reasons
Take opposing views into account
Use sound logic and effective language
Conclude by summing up reasons or calling for action

2. Ethos
Ethos or ethical appeal-convincing by the character and/or the credibility of the author, calls forth the audiences sense of right, justice, and virtue

3. Ethos example

4. Pathos
Pathos or emotional appeal-appealing to the emotions of the reader, often based on specific examples of suffering or potential threats

5. Pathos Example Pathos 2

6. Logos
Logos or logical appeal-persuading by the use of reasoning and rational arguments, frequently using facts, statistics, and other forms of evidence

7. Logos example

8. Rhetorical Questions Questions that don’t require an actual answer
Writers and speakers pose rhetorical questions to show that their arguments make the answers obvious
They encourage the listener to reflect on what the implied answer to the question must be

9. Examples of rhetorical questions:
Are you crazy?
Can you imagine?
What were they thinking?!
Who cares?
Are you kidding me?
How could anyone think cafeteria food is good?!
In a candidate’s speech:
“Do you want four more years of…?”

10. Allusion
A brief and indirect reference to a person, place, thing or idea of historical, cultural, literary, or political significance (must be well-known)
Ex: Sally had a smile that rivaled Mona Lisa’s
Ex: We used to be like the 3 Musketeers. Now we don’t even talk.
Ex: He was a real Romeo with the ladies

11. Repetition and Parallelism
Repetition-Repeating a point tells the audience that it is especially important
Parallelism- a balance of two or more similar words, phrases, or clauses
Ex:"...and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth."
— Abraham Lincoln, Gettysburg Address