Chapter 8 Gender and Sexuality

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Gender Identity & Sexual Orientation Gender Versus Sex? –Transgendered and intersexual –Homosexuality Social-Scientific Perspectives Who Becomes Gay or Lesbian? Lesbianism The Gay Subculture

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Gender Identity & Sexual Orientation Alfred Kinsey’s research –Sexual feelings and behaviors towards the same sex not abnormal –Cannot be distinguished from non in psychologically Thomas Szasz -Psychiatrists replaced the church in labeling homosexuality an illness

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Traditional Sex Roles Hierarchy on how men & women have been viewed and treated –Has been resistant to change in society –Function of culture and socialization Male and female differences are largely learned through socialization

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Sexism and Gender Inequality Power and Male Hegemony Stereotyping Sexism and Employment –Unequal Pay for Equal Work –For Minority Women, Even Wider Wage Gap Sexual Harassment Homemaking

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Table 8-1: Median Weekly Earnings, Employment Characteristics: 2007

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Sources of Sexism Socialization Education The Family Language and the Media Organized Religion Government The Legal System

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 8-1: Median Weekly $1,800 Earnings of Women and Men

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 8-2 & 3: Sexual Experiences with the Same Sex; Number of Partners in Last 12 Months

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 8-4 & 5: National Legislative Seats Held by Women; Wage Gap

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Table 8-3: The Gender Wage Gap in Selected Occupations

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Table 8-3: The Gender Wage Gap in Selected Occupations

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 8-6 & 7: Graduate Enrollment; First Professional Degrees

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Sources of Homophobia Changes in Child-Rearing Practices Changes in the Educational System Changes in the Legal System –Comparable worth

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Sources of Homophobia Reproductive Control Changes in Men’s Roles Gay Rights Future Prospects

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Sources of Homophobia Homophobia -fear & dislike of anything associated with homosexuality Homophobia is associated with –Male gender identity –Distorted notions of masculinity Increase in tolerance toward homosexuals

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Sources of Homophobia In coming years, the women’s movement is likely to focus on single-parent families –Within this group, the special needs of low- income, female-headed families Another area in which policy changes are likely to continue is same-sex marriage

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Table 8-4: Attitudes in Openly Gay Individuals to Serve in the Military