Imperialism by the United States

North American Imperialism Manifest Destiny: belief that the US was destined to dominate the entire continent Mexican-American War: conflict fought to spread territory and influence for economic and political reasons Claiming of lands from Native Americans After reaching the Pacific Ocean the U.S. expanded the idea of manifest destiny with European-style colonization

Debate over Expansionism http://www. youtube. com/watch VQ: Why did many feel the US should enter into imperialism? VQ: What were criticisms of imperialism made by the anti-imperialists?

Japan http://youtu.be/dJTUoYu0qnU VQ: Why did the US want access to Japan? VQ: What did the US do to gain access to Japan?

Alaska http://youtu.be/k6g7sZC9YXM VQ: Why did Seward attempt to buy Alaska from Russia and how was it obtained?

Hawaii http://youtu.be/AQSQsFNOrek VQ: How did the Americans change the landscape of Hawaii? VQ: How did the US acquire control of Hawaii?

American traders, missionaries, and planters settle in Hawaii in early 1800s Half of native Hawaiians died and native society eroded US allows sugar to enter duty-free and planters brought Asian immigrants for workers US negotiated right to have naval base at Pearl Harbor in 1887 US ended sugar policy in 1890, planters want to become part of US American planters lead revolution against Queen Liliuokalani in 1893 and ask for US protection Liliuokalani yielded authority after American minister sends in marines Annexed in 1898 under McKinley after Cleveland refused for four years

Samoa Located 3000 miles south of Hawaii, desired location for shipping stop US signs treaty in 1878 to gain naval station at Pago Pago US, Britain, and Germany struggled for control of islands Islands divided in 1899 and US retains Pago Pago

American Expansionism http://youtu.be/UG2tFBn8Puk VQ: What were the ideas of Admiral Alfred Thayer Mahan that helped change American strategy and involvement in foreign affairs?

Spanish-American War Cuban Rebellion against Spain - http://youtu.be/PXiNZ7hSGDU VQ: What actions did Marti take to start Cuban resistance to the Spanish? VQ: What actions were taken by the Spanish to prevent further revolution?

Cuba was a Spanish colony with strong economic ties to the US, mainly through sugar Cubans had been resisting Spanish control for decades US passes a Wilson-Gorman Tariff, increasing sugar duties Cuba’s economy is nearly destroyed, fueling revolution Spanish sent 200,000 person army to Cuba Cubans conduct guerilla warfare and destroy American property, trying to bring the US into the war

Why did Americans initially have interests in what was occurring in Cuba in the late 1800s?

United States enters into war against Spain http://youtu VQ: What was yellow journalism and its role in the Spanish-American War? VQ: What was the role of the battleship Maine in the Spanish American War?

American newspaper owners, William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer, began competing to publish sensational stories of abuse of Cubans by the Spanish Yellow journalism: sensational and exaggerated reporting done to attract readers American public wants to support the Cubans, but the government attempts to negotiate and remain neutral

President McKinley sends battleship Maine to Havana in case Americans needed evacuation Letter published in New York Journal by Spanish ambassador criticizing McKinley as weak The Maine mysteriously explodes and the press blames the Spanish – “Remember the Maine” American jingoism, aggressive nationalism, spreads through the US and Republican Party Republicans fear McKinley will not be reelected if the US does not use force against Spain Congress declares war on Spain (April 19, 1898)

Why did Americans push for war against Spain in 1898?

War on two fronts http://youtu.be/4KnShojrEz0 VQ: What actions were taken by the US in the Pacific? VQ: What problems were occurring for the United States in the Cuban campaign? VQ: What was the role of the Rough Riders in the conquest of Cuba?

Philippines American Pacific fleet sails to Philippines to prevent Spanish fleet in Manila Bay from attacking the US American fleet under Commodore George Dewey quickly destroys the Spanish fleet US defeats Spanish before US was ready to send armed troops US enlists Filipino revolutionary Emilio Aguinaldo to fight Spanish in a guerilla war US troops arrive, capturing Guam en route, and refuse to allow Aguinaldo’s forces into the capital of Manila

Cuba American Atlantic fleet blockaded Cuba US army slow to mobilize and mainly volunteers “Rough Riders” – cavalry unit from the west, mostly cowboys, miners, and lawmen Theodore Roosevelt resigns as Asst. Sec. of the Navy to join Rough Riders 1/4 of units were African American, leading to racial tensions before and during fighting More men die of disease than battle

US troops attack San Juan Hill and areas around Spanish fleet in Santiago de Cuba Spanish fleet attempts to flee, but every ship either sunk or beached by US Spanish surrender in Cuba and US occupies nearby Spanish colony of Puerto Rico http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072424362/student_view0/chapter20/interactive_maps.html#spanish

What factors allowed the United States to quickly defeat the Spanish?

Results of the Spanish-American War Treaty of Paris (1898): Cuba is independent, US acquires Puerto Rico and Guam, US purchases Philippines for $20 million Puerto Rico US governs through military rule, then as a colony in 1900 Had US governor and divided two-chamber legislature Island becomes dependent upon sugar market

Cuba US built roads, schools, hospitals to prepare for independence Platt Amendment (1901) prevented Cuba from making non-US treaties American industries invest and take over Cuban economy Revolts prompted US military intervention multiple times

What were the actions taken by the United States in the Caribbean after their victory in the Spanish-American War?

Imperialism Debate Within the United States (primarily over the Philippines) Anti-Imperialists Reasons included morality, “polluting” America with lower races, flooding US with cheap labor, large standing army, possible entangling alliances, industry competition (sugar) Outspoken critics -- Andrew Carnegie, Mark Twain, Samuel Gompers, Senator John Sherman Anti-Imperialist League attracts support of upper-class citizens in Northeastern cities

Imperialists and pro-annexation Saw as chance to expand Asian trade, build up national strength , build up Republican Party, and the United States already possessed the islands Main supporters – Theodore Roosevelt and Senator Henry Cabot Lodge

Treaty of Paris and the Election of 1900 Treaty receives unexpected support of anti-imperialist William Jennings Bryan Bryan convinces anti-imperialist Democratic senators to back the treaty Bryan wants to make the treaty the issue in the 1900 presidential election

1900 Presidential Election Rematch between McKinley and Bryan Bryan tries to make election on imperialism Republicans in strong position due to national prosperity and addition of Theodore Roosevelt to the presidential ticket McKinley wins reelection

Why were people both for and against imperialism? How did imperialism become an election issue in 1900 and what were the results?

Hold a moment longer. Not quite yet, gentlemen Hold a moment longer! Not quite yet, gentlemen! Before you go I would like to say just a word about the Philippine business. I have been criticized a good deal about the Philippines, but don’t deserve it. The truth is I didn’t want the Philippines, and when they came to us, as a gift from the gods, I did not know what to do with them. When the Spanish War broke out Dewey was at Hongkong, and I ordered him to go to Manila and to capture or destroy the Spanish fleet, and he had to; because, if defeated, he had no place to refit on that side of the globe, and if the Dons were victorious they would likely cross the Pacific and ravage our Oregon and California coasts. And so he had to destroy the Spanish fleet, and did it! But that was as far as I thought then. When I next realized that the Philippines had dropped into our laps I confess I did not know what to do with them. I sought counsel from all sides—Democrats as well as Republicans—but got little help. I thought first we would take only Manila; then Luzon; then other islands perhaps also. I walked the floor of the White House night after night until midnight; and I am not ashamed to tell you, gentlemen, that I went down on my knees and prayed Almighty God for light and guidance more than one night. And one night late it came to me this way—I don’t know how it was, but it came: (1) That we could not give them back to Spain—that would be cowardly and dishonorable; (2) that we could not turn them over to France and Germany—our commercial rivals in the Orient—that would be bad business and discreditable; (3) that we could not leave them to themselves—they were unfit for self-government—and they would soon have anarchy and misrule over there worse than Spain’s was; and (4) that there was nothing left for us to do but to take them all, and to educate the Filipinos, and uplift and civilize and Christianize them, and by God’s grace do the very best we could by them, as our fellow-men for whom Christ also died. And then I went to bed, and went to sleep, and slept soundly, and the next morning I sent for the chief engineer of the War Department (our map-maker), and I told him to put the Philippines on the map of the United States (pointing to a large map on the wall of his office), and there they are, and there they will stay while I am President!

Control of the Philippines US claims to be protecting and civilizing the Philippines Reality is damaging and brutal guerilla war with Aguinaldo and his followers (1898-1902) 200,000 American troops fight with 4,300 deaths (10 times those in Sp-Am War) US under Arthur MacArthur force Filipinos into concentration camps, murder leaders, high death rate among Filipinos (15 dead for every 1 wounded) Aguinaldo is captured in 1901 and will eventually sign a document urging his followers to stop fighting

William Howard Taft placed as civilian governor of Philippines US builds schools, hospitals, roads, public health system Local economy becomes increasingly tied to US economy Begin giving some local autonomy, but independence waits until 1946

How did the United States administer the Philippines and what issues did they face?

Transformation of the American Military Elihu Root names Secretary of War by McKinley following the Spanish-American War Enlarged army from 25,000 to 100,000 Restructured National Guard to give it army standards Creation of the Joint Chiefs of Staff to coordinate and advise the president Transformation of the American Military

How did the United States change its military after the Spanish-American War?

The Open Door Policy with China http://youtu.be/HtqgGO5xO8g VQ: What conditions were influencing China at the beginning of the 20th Century? VQ: What were the main goals of the “Open Door Policy” supported by the US?   VQ: What occurred during the “Boxer Rebellion”

Foreign Policy by American Presidents in the early 1900s http://youtu VQ: What actions/events characterized “Big Stick” foreign diplomacy during Roosevelt’s presidency? VQ: What actions/events characterized “Dollar Diplomacy” foreign diplomacy Taft’s presidency? VQ: What actions/events characterized “Moral Diplomacy” foreign diplomacy during Wilson’s presidency?

Roosevelt and “Big Stick Diplomacy” Roosevelt believed in a highly active foreign policy Roosevelt resolved Russo-Japanese War in 1905 and sent the “Great White Fleet” when Japan excluded some American trade

Roosevelt Corollary and “Gunboat Diplomacy” Problems occur between Venezuela and foreign countries over debt European countries blockade, Germany bombs, and Roosevelt threatens force Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine issued in 1904, US can intervene in domestic affairs of neighbors to promote order US takes over customs houses in Dominican Republic to pay foreign debts “Gunboat Diplomacy” kept Europeans from interfering in the Western Hemisphere

Panama Canal US wants canal in central America, originally through sea-level Nicaragua French company had previously failed in Colombian-controlled Panama US unable to negotiate land rights in Panama from Colombia US supports revolution against Colombian government Roosevelt recognized as independent within three days Panama agrees to terms to build canal, which was completed in 1914

How did Theodore Roosevelt expand the role and power of the United States, especially in the Americas?

Taft and “Dollar Diplomacy” Attempt to advance economic interests through American investments, mainly in the Caribbean

Woodrow Wilson and “Moral Diplomacy” Wilson sends military to Haiti and Dominican Republic to maintain order Signs treaty with Nicaragua to keep from European influence US bought Danish West Indies (Virgin Islands) from Denmark in 1917 to prevent Germany from seizing control

“Moral Diplomacy” and Mexico Mexican dictator Porfirio Diaz overthrown by anti-American democratic reforming popular leader Francisco Madero Taft had quietly supported Victoriano Huerta to take control Madero is murdered and newly elected Wilson refuses to recognize Huerta Huerta is backed by US business interests, but Wilson attempts to bring Constitutionalist Venustiano Carranza to power US gets involved in incident in Tampico and seized Veracruz Carranza takes over Mexico, but Wilson does not support due to failure to follow US policy guidelines

Wilson considers supporting Pancho Villa, but turns back to Carranza Pancho Villa is angered at US and attacks a New Mexico border town Wilson sent US army under General John J. Pershing into Mexico to pursue Villa, although Villa is never captured US an Mexico stand on the brink of war until Wilson formally recognizes Carranza’s regime in Mexico in March 1917 with World War I pressures taking precedence

How did Woodrow Wilson intervene in the Americas, especially in Mexico?