Reformation Continues

Peasants’ Revolt The peasants initially saw Luther as an ally, asking him for support in their demands to end serfdom and for other economic reforms. Luther initially had sympathy for them, but when they invoked his name in their revolt he called them “unChristian.” For Luther, the freedom of Christianity lay in inner spiritual release, not revolutionary politics. The revolt was crushed, killing tens of thousands of peasants. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

The Swiss Reformation Ulrich Zwingli Humanistically educated, he credited Erasmus as setting him on the path to reform. By 1518, he was known for his opposition to the sale of indulgences and religious superstition. In 1519, Zwingli became the people’s priest in Zurich. Ended priestly celibacy March 1522, broke the Lenten fast Preached the authority of Scripture alone Though a Protestant, he had significant theological differences with Luther, which prevented an alliance with the German Protestants. The Swiss Civil war forced the Swiss Catholics to recognize the Protestants. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

John Calvin Born in France and educated by the Church; in May 1534, he joined the Reformation. Political revolt and religious reform in Geneva In the late 1520s, Genevans revolted, and in 1527 the city council took power. May 21, 1536 Geneva officially adopted the Reformation. June 1536, Calvin arrived in Geneva. He drew up articles for the governance of the Church, which were approved, after much debate, in Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. “May little chickens dig out your eyes 100,000 times.” - Calvin speaking to another reformer whose ideas he disagreed with

 Started in Switzerland – Calvinists  England = Puritans  Scotland = Presbyterians  Holland = Dutch Reform  France = Huguenots  Germany = Reform Church

Calvin’s Geneva Calvin’s Church was organized into four offices: Pastors Teachers to instruct the populace Elders, laypeople chosen by the council Deacons to dispense church goods and services to the poor Predestination, the doctrine that only a chosen few are saved by God’s grace alone, without regard to acts or faith, was central to Calvin’s theology. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

 Lived from in Germany  Father encouraged him to study law  A sudden religious experience inspired him to become a monk

Martin Luther & the German Reformation Late Medieval Germany lacked the political unity to enforce large scale religious reforms. By 1517, discontent with the church was ripe enough for Martin Luther’s critiques to take hold. 1507, Luther was ordained 1510, on his visit to Rome, he found the German complaints about the Church to be accurate 1512, he earned his doctorate in Theology at the Augustinian Monastery in Wittenberg Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

Justification by Faith Luther was plagued by his sense of a disconnect between his own sinfulness and the perfect righteousness God required for salvation. He concluded that God does not demand charitable acts and religious ceremonies, but just faith in Jesus Christ as perfect righteousness. Good works were expected, but did not earn one salvation. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

Indulgences Though a priest could absolve a penitent of guilt, he still had an eternal penalty to pay. Absolution could turn that into a temporal punishment. The remission of that temporal penalty was an indulgence. Starting in 1343, the church started selling “letters of indulgence.” By Luther’s time, they were often sold for small cash payments. Luther’s protest in his Ninety-five Theses (October 31, 1517) was against the impression that indulgences remitted sin, which made it seem as if salvation could be bought and sold. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

Martin Luther’s thought on Peasant Revolts Charles V & the Holy Roman Empire Notes- Describe the impact of the Reformation on the Holy Roman Empire (Augsburg Confession & Peace of Augsburg Family tree Homework pg Read excerpt from Defender of the Faith- Describe Henry’s relationship with the Papacy & belief of the Sacrament of Marriage

Luther & Maximillian I The Ninety-five Theses were embraced by Nuremberg humanists, which made Luther a central figure in an already organized national German cultural movement. He was called before the general of his order to answer for his criticisms. As sanctions were being prepared against him, Emperor Maximillian I died (1519), which turned attention away from Luther. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

Charles V Charles I of Spain succeeded his Grandfather and became Emperor Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire (refer to family tree)

Luther’s Excommunication and the Diet of Worms The Diet of Worms Presided over by Charles V Luther presented his views and was placed under the Imperial ban as well. June 27, 1519, Luther debated John Eck in Leipzig. Questioned the infallibility of the pope and the inerrancy of church councils. Appealed to the authority of scripture alone. These views were published in Luther was excommunicated on June 15, Luther was forced into hiding, protected by the Elector Frederick. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

Spread of the Reformation The Emperor was distracted by war with the French and the Turks. Permitted each local prince to enforce the ban as he saw fit, essentially giving them each religious authority in his own domain. In many cities, princes began to enact religious reforms, and they welcomed Lutheran preachers. The Elector of Saxony and the prince of Hesse both instated Protestantism in their lands. By the 1530s German Protestant lands formed the Schmaldkaldic League and prepared for war with the emperor. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

Diet of Augsburg In 1530, Princes and Free Territories in Germany to explain their religious convictions in an attempt to restore religious and political unity in the Holy Roman Empire, and rally support against the Turkish invasion Charles V presided over this meeting of Protestants and Catholics. The emperor ordered all Protestants to return to Catholicism. February 1531, the Schmalkaldic League formed to defend Lutheran interests, between Saxony and Hesse (powerful Protestant electors). Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

The Augsburg Confession: What is in it? Article TitleWhat is in it? I. GodConfesses God as Triune: Three Persons, One Essence II. Original SinAll are born sinful and cannot save themselves. Original sin is true damnable sin. III. Son of GodJesus is 100% Man / 100% God. Repeats Apostles Creed’s statements about all that Jesus did on our behalf. IV. JustificationMan is saved only by grace through faith. Works play no role in one’s salvation. V. PreachingIn order that all might be saved, God gave the Church the Office of the Ministry, empowered with the Word and Sacraments. VI. New ObedienceFaith produces good works naturally. VII. The ChurchThe Church is where the gospel is purely preached and the sacraments are rightly administered. Unity the church is formed around agreement on these matters.

The Augsburg Confession: What is in it? Article TitleWhat is in it? VIII. What is the Church The true church is comprised of all genuine believers. IX. BaptismBaptism is a necessary mean of grace. Infants and children are to be baptized. X. The Lord’s Supper The true body and blood of Christ are present in this meal under the bread and wine. XI. ConfessionPrivate absolution should be retained. One does not have to confess every sin before a pastor for it to be forgiven. XII.RepentanceRepentance is contrition, which recognizes sin, and faith, which trusts Jesus to forgive it. It is a practice meant for the entire Christian life. XIII. Use of Sacraments The Sacraments are God’s means of grace and must be received in faith and for the strengthening of faith. XIV. Church Government No one should publically teach, preach, or administer the Sacraments with a proper call from the Church.

The Augsburg Confession: What is in it? Article TitleWhat is in it? XV. Church Regulations Church traditions made by man should be kept when they help with good order and do not cause sin. No human tradition is meritorious unto salvation. XVI. Secular Government Government is created by God to execute justice and Christians may participate freely in secular government in any capacity. XVII. Return of Christ to Judgment Jesus will return. Eternal life will be received by all who believe. Eternal punishment will be given to all who do not believe. XVIII. Free WillIn regards to daily choices, man has some free will. However he has no free will to choose God or become righteous. XIX. Cause of SinThe cause of all sin is man’s perverted will and the activity of the devil. XX Faith and Good Works Christians are to be exhorted to the good work revealed in the Word, but not to supposed good works created by men. No work earns salvation. XXI. Cult of the Saints Former saints are to be remembered and used as examples. However, our prayers are not to be directed to them.

The Augsburg Confession: What is in it? Article TitleWhat is in it? XXII. Both Kinds in the Sacrament Both the bread and the wine should be given to the laity. XXIII. Marriage of Priests Priests are free to marry. XXIV. The MassThe Mass (the Lord’s Supper) is celebrated with joy and regularity not as a sacrifice we offer to God, but a sacrament God offers to us. XXV. ConfessionConfession is practiced. Absolution is stressed. Enumeration of every sin is not necessary. XXVI. Distinction among Foods Fasts and distinctions concerning which foods to eat are good discipline, but are not to be talked about as earning salvation. XXVII. Monastic Vows Monastic life cannot earn salvation. Those who took vows with misunderstanding are free. “Normal” life is God pleasing. XXVIII. Power of Bishops Bishops do not have secular power. Their power is the Gospel and the Sacraments and only with this power do they rule in the church of Christ.

In the 1540s, Charles V went after the Protestants. In 1547, he crushed the League, putting puppet rulers in Hesse and Saxony and forcing Protestants to return to Catholicism. Many Protestants fled to Magdeburg.

Peace of Augsburg The Reformation was too entrenched by 1547 to be ended. The puppet ruler of Saxony became a Lutheran. The emperor was forced to relent. In September 1555, the Peace of Augsburg made the division of Christendom permanent, through treaty between Charles V and the Lutheran Princes. Cuius regio, eius religio, the ruler of a land determines its religion. Lutherans were permitted to retain church lands confiscated before It did not extend recognition to Anabaptists and Calvinists. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

Abdication Charles V abdicated the throne to his son Philip II (Netherlands & Spain) & brother the title of emperor Ferdinand I