Napoleon’s advances in Germany in the early 1800s had the effect of Benchmark Question 1: Napoleon’s advances in Germany in the early 1800s had the effect of a) disintegrating German unity b) sparking German nationalism c) tightening laws against Jews d) making trade more difficult

B. sign of a country’s relative power Benchmark Ques #2: At the end of the 1800’s, colonies were generally seen as a A. place to banish criminals B. sign of a country’s relative power C. location to train military forces D. method for suppressing nationalism

Nationalism Aggressive Pride

Nationalism

Nationalism

France Otto von Bismarck Austria-Hungary German Empire Independent Denmark Schleswig Prussian Chancellor Otto von Bismarck Holstein Prussia Berlin Independent German States Prussia Austria-Hungary German Empire Lorraine France Alsace

France Otto von Bismarck Austria-Hungary German Empire Independent Makes Alliance with Austria-Hungary Denmark Schleswig Prussian Chancellor Otto von Bismarck Holstein Prussia Berlin Independent German States Prussia Austria-Hungary German Empire Lorraine France Alsace

France Otto von Bismarck Austria-Hungary German Empire 2. 1864: declares war on Denmark 1. 1864: Bismarck Makes Alliance with Austria-Hungary Denmark Schleswig Prussian Chancellor Otto von Bismarck Holstein Prussia Berlin Independent German States Prussia Austria-Hungary German Empire Lorraine France Alsace

France Otto von Bismarck Austria-Hungary German Empire 2. 1864: declares war on Denmark 1. 1864: Bismarck Makes Alliance with Austria-Hungary Denmark Schleswig Prussian Chancellor Otto von Bismarck Holstein Prussia 3. 1866: Bismarck declares War On Austria-Hungary Berlin Independent German States Prussia Austria-Hungary German Empire Lorraine France Alsace

Nationalism and Liberalism France Otto von Bismarck Austria-Hungary 2. 1864: Bismarck declares war on Denmark Nationalism and Liberalism 1. 1864: Bismarck Makes Alliance with Austria-Hungary Denmark Schleswig Prussian Chancellor Otto von Bismarck Holstein Prussia 3. 1866: Bismarck declares War On Austria-Hungary Berlin Independent German States Prussia Austria-Hungary Lorraine German Empire 4. 1870: Bismarck forces France to declare War 4. 1870: Bismarck forces France to declare War France Alsace

German Empire 1871

Nationalism Liberalism Vocabulary Aggressive pride in one’s country Belief in making social change to improve the lives of people. The ideas of Nationalism and Liberalism caused people to rebel against the old order Realpolitik, Realistic politics based on the needs of the state. Annex To take or add territory Kaiser Emperor = dictator Reich Empire

Building a German Nation 1 Building a German Nation What early changes promoted German unity? How did Bismarck unify Germany? What was the basic political organization of the new German empire?

Steps Toward German Unity 1 Between 1807 and 1812, Napoleon conquered German-speaking lands. Problem Divided German speaking people Caused Germans nationalism (strong and aggressive pride in nationality) Germans began to demand a unified German state. In 1848 Germans offered their throne to Frederick William IV of Prussia, but he refused it. No united Germany at this point

How did Bismarck unify Germany? 2 How did Bismarck unify Germany? In 1862, Otto von Bismarck was made chancellor of Prussia. Bismarck Bismarck was a master of Realpolitik. Bismarck strengthened the army. Why strengthen the army? Bismarck

How did Bismarck unify Germany? 2 How did Bismarck unify Germany? In 1864, Bismarck made an alliance with Austria. War with Denmark Took Schleswig and Holstein from Denmark. In 1866, Bismarck turns on Austria He annexed, or took several northern German states. In 1870, Bismarck went to war with France. Took back German land from France (Napoleon)

Unification of Germany, 1865–1871 3 Unification of Germany, 1865–1871

In the 1830s, Prussia created an economic union among German states called the North German Confederation Zollverein Wolfenburg Reichstag German nationalist celebrated the birth of the ____________ in January of 1871. Second Reich Realpolitik Bundesrat kaiser Bismarck was the master of ____________ when evaluating the needs of the state. Universe Realpolitic Zollerein German Confederation

Unification of Germany, 1865–1871 3 Unification of Germany, 1865–1871

In the 1830s, Prussia created an economic union among German states called the North German Confederation Zollverein Wolfenburg Reichstag German nationalist celebrated the birth of the ____________ in January of 1871. Second Reich (2nd Empire) Realpolitik Bundesrat kaiser Bismarck was the master of ____________ when evaluating the needs of the state. Universe Realpolitic Zollerein German Confederation

Ch 5 Sec 2 Strengthening Germany Who was the Iron Chancellor? Bismarck Which 2 groups did the Bismarck target as a threat to German Unity? Catholic Church, and Socialists Why did Bismarck distrust the Catholic Church? They gave their loyalty to the Pope.

Ch 5 Sec 2 Strengthening Germany What was Bismarck’s goal for the Catholics? For them to put Germany’s loyalty ahead of the Church. Who became the new Kaiser/emperor in 1888? William II (Reich=Empire) What did William II want Bismarck to do in 1890? To quit or resign

Ch 5 Sec 2 Strengthening Germany What did William II believe in? Divine right of kings Hated democracy What policies did William II introduce? Cheap transportation Excellent educational system Social welfare

The Iron Chancellor Foreign policy goals: 2 The Iron Chancellor Called the Iron Chancellor, Bismarck applied ruthless methods to achieve his goals. Foreign policy goals: Bismarck wanted to keep France weak while building strong links with Austria. Bismarck competed with Britain for colonies to expand Germany’s overseas empire. Domestic goals: Bismarck sought to erase local loyalties and crush all opposition to the imperial state. He targeted the Catholic Church and the socialists, both of which he saw as a threat to the new German state.

2 Kaiser William II When William II came to power, he wanted to put his own stamp on Germany. During his reign, he asked Bismarck to resign Because of divine right of kings believed that his right to rule came from God. resisted efforts to introduce democratic reforms. provided services, such as programs for social welfare, cheap transportation, and electricity. spent heavily on the German military machine. launched an ambitious campaign to expand the German navy and win an overseas empire.

Neuschwantstein (built under Ludwig II)

2 Section 2 Assessment Which groups did Bismarck view as a threat to the new German state? a) peasants and merchants b) industrialists and Catholics c) Catholics and socialists d) the army and nobles Kaiser William II did which of the following? a) put more power in the hands of Bismarck b) reduced military spending c) introduced democratic reforms d) launched a campaign to win an overseas empire

2 Section 2 Assessment Which groups did Bismarck view as a threat to the new German state? a) peasants and merchants b) industrialists and Catholics c) Catholics and socialists d) the army and nobles Kaiser William II did which of the following? a) put more power in the hands of Bismarck b) reduced military spending c) introduced democratic reforms d) launched a campaign to win an overseas empire

What were the key obstacles to Italian unity? 3 Unifying Italy What were the key obstacles to Italian unity? What roles did Count Camillo Cavour and Giuseppe Garibaldi play in the struggle for Italy? What challenges faced the new nation of Italy?

Word of the Day: Tuesday, November 29, 2005 Belittle Some people belittle others in order to feel better about themselves. To make someone seem less important. Word of the Day: Wednesday, November 30, 2005 Tranquil Quiet or calm WOD: Thursday, December 1, 2005 Zealous My class was very zealous about learning the history of Italy. Enthusiastic, or excited

Venetia Sardinia Papal State Rome Naples Kingdom Of two Sicilies Lombardy Papal State Sardinia Rome Naples Kingdom Of two Sicilies 1858: Sardinia 1860 added to Sardinia 1866: added to Italy 1870: added to Italy

Venetia Sardinia Nationalism and Liberalism 2. 1859: Cavour gains Lombardy from Austria Nationalism and Liberalism 3. Italians overthrow Austrian backed rulers in N. Italy Venetia Lombardy 5. 1870: Italians conquer Rome and unify Italy Papal State Sardinia Rome Naples 1.1849: Revolutionary republic is set up in Rome, but it was destroyed Kingdom Of two Sicilies 1858: Sardinia 1860 added to Sardinia 4: 1860, Garibaldi invades Sicily and Naples 1866: added to Italy 1870: added to Italy

Unification Of Germany Unification Of Italy Mediterranean Sea

Unification of Italy Austria France Lombardy Kingdom Of Sardinia Venetia Papal State Tuscany Corsica (France) Kingdom Of Sardinia Rome Kingdom of the two Sicilies

France Kingdom Of Sardinia Kingdom Of two Sicilies

Obstacles to Italian Unity 3 1. What were the key obstacles to Italian unity? Battleground for foreigners. Italians were divided The Congress of Vienna divided Italy up among Austrian rulers Hapsburg monarchs French Bourbon king.

The Struggle for Italy 3 2. What roles did Cavour and Garibaldi play in the struggle for Italy? CAVOUR GARIBALDI Prime minister Wanted to end Austrian power in Italy and annex Lombardy and Venetia. Nationalist leader from the South. Captured the two Sicilies and turned them over to Victor Emmanuel II.

Cavour Garibaldi

3. What Challenges Faced the New Nation of Italy? No tradition of unity. Enormous economic gap between the north, and the south. Problems between Italy and the Roman Catholic Church. Italy unified by 1870

3 Unification of Italy, 1858–1870

3 Section 3 Assessment Unified Italy in 1870 included all of the following except a) Sardinia. b) Tuscany. c) Corsica. d) Venetia. Which of the following challenges did the new Italian nation face? a) a gap between the richer north and the poorer south b) inflation c) social problems caused by rapid industrialization d) a gap between the poorer north and the richer south

3 Section 3 Assessment Unified Italy in 1870 included all of the following except a) Sardinia. b) Tuscany. c) Corsica. d) Venetia. Which of the following challenges did the new Italian nation face? a) a gap between the richer north and the poorer south b) inflation c) social problems caused by rapid industrialization d) a gap between the poorer north and the richer south Want to connect to the World History link for this section? Click Here.

Nationalism Threatens Old Empires 4 Nationalism Threatens Old Empires How did nationalism contribute to the decline of the Austrian empire? What were the main characteristics of the Dual Monarchy? How did the growth of nationalism affect the Balkans?

Decline of the Austrian Empire 4 Austrian rulers upheld conservative goals against liberal forces. Austria, however, could not hold back the changes that were engulfing the rest of Europe. The Hapsburgs presided over a multinational empire, yet continued to ignore the urgent demands of nationalists. After Austria was defeated by France and Sardinia in 1859, Emperor Francis Joseph made some limited reforms. The reforms failed to satisfy the many nationalist groups that wanted self-government.

4 Dual Monarchy Austria’s defeat in the 1866 war with Prussia brought renewed pressure for change from Hungarians within the empire. This pressure led to the creation of a new political power known as the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary. Under the Dual Monarchy: Austria and Hungary were separate states. Francis Joseph ruled both, as emperor of Austria and king of Hungary. The two states shared ministries of finance, defense, and foreign affairs, but were independent of each other in all other areas.

4 Balkan Nationalism A complex web of competing interests contributed to a series of crises and wars in the Balkans. Serbia and Greece had won independence in the early 1800s. However, there were still many Serbs and Greeks living in the Balkans under Ottoman rule. The Ottoman empire was home to other national groups, such as Bulgarians and Romanians. During the 1800s, various subject people staged revolts against the Ottomans, hoping to set up their own independent states. European powers stepped in to divide up Ottoman lands, ignoring the nationalist goals of various Balkan peoples.

4 The Balkans, 1878

Section 4 Assessment 4 The Dual Monarchy governed a) Bulgaria and Romania. b) Austria and Prussia. c) Prussia and Russia. d) Austria and Hungary. The people of the Balkans lived under the rule of a) the Hapsburg empire. b) the Ottoman empire. c) the Second Reich. d) the Holy Roman Empire.

Section 4 Assessment 4 The Dual Monarchy governed a) Bulgaria and Romania. b) Austria and Prussia. c) Prussia and Russia. d) Austria and Hungary. The people of the Balkans lived under the rule of a) the Hapsburg empire. b) the Ottoman empire. c) the Second Reich. d) the Holy Roman Empire.

Russia: Reform and Reaction The Empire of the Czars 5 Russia: Reform and Reaction The Empire of the Czars How did conditions in Russia affect progress? Why did czars follow a cycle of absolutism, reform, and reaction? How did the problems of industrialization contribute to the growing crisis and outbreak of revolution?

How Did Conditions in Russia Affect Progress? 5 By the 1800s, czars saw the need to modernize but resisted reforms that would undermine their absolute rule. While czars tried to maintain control, Russia fell further behind Western Europe in economic and social developments. The rigid social structure was an obstacle to progress: Landowning nobles dominated society and rejected any change that would threaten their privileges. The majority of Russians were serfs. Alexander I was in control (defeated Napoleon) – still maintained autocracy Serfdom was inefficient and caused Russia’s economy to remain backward. Alexander II tried to make reforms & emancipated the serfs This made the wealthy landowners angry and there were only a few reforms for the serfs.

Alexander III succeeded his father wanted to keep the old order Introduced Russification Also initiated pogroms Persecution among the Jews and other minorities

Problems of Industrialization 5 Problems of Industrialization Toward the end of the nineteenth century, Russia finally entered the industrial age under Nicholas II The drive to industrialization increased political and social problems. Nobles and peasants opposed economic growth, fearing the changes brought by the new ways. Industrialization created social ills as peasants flocked to the cities to work in factories. Radicals (Bolsheviks) preached revolutionary ideas among the new industrial workers. Lenin became their leader

Crisis and Revolution War broke out between Russia and Japan. 5 War broke out between Russia and Japan. The Russians suffered repeated military defeats. News of the military disasters unleashed pent-up discontent created by years of oppression. The czar’s troops fired on unarmed protesters at the Palace in St. Petersburg Became known as “Bloody Sunday,” destroying the people’s trust and faith in the czar. Discontent and revolution spread throughout Russia. Czar Nicholas II was forced to announce sweeping reforms. In the October Manifesto, he agreed to summon a Duma, or elected national legislature.

Results of the Revolution 5 The October Manifesto won over moderates, leaving socialists isolated. By 1905, the first Soviets, or workers councils met to discuss reform In 1906, the first Duma met, but the czar dissolved it when leaders criticized the government. Czar Nicholas II appointed a conservative prime minister, Peter Stolypin, who instituted arrests, pogroms, and executions. Stolypin later instituted limited reforms which did not meet the broad needs of most Russians. Nicholas II could not maintain reform. By 1914, Russia was still an autocracy, simmering with unrest & ready for revolution.

Alexander II Alexander III Nicholas II

5 Section 5 Assessment Why did Russian czars resist reform? a) They thought that industrialization would hurt the peasants. b) They didn’t want to undermine their absolute power. c) They felt there were other ways to create a democratic society. d) They wanted to keep Russia economically backward. What groups in Russia opposed economic growth? a) nobles and peasants b) socialists and radicals c) nobles and socialists d) peasants and businessmen

5 Section 5 Assessment Why did Russian czars resist reform? a) They thought that industrialization would hurt the peasants. b) They didn’t want to undermine their absolute power. c) They felt there were other ways to create a democratic society. d) They wanted to keep Russia economically backward. What groups in Russia opposed economic growth? a) nobles and peasants b) socialists and radicals c) nobles and socialists d) peasants and businessmen

French Revolution Homework what type of govt. did France have before the French Revolution? Absolute Monarchy Describe the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Estate? Clergy, Nobles, Everyone List at least three causes of the French Revolution Economic Depression, National Debt, Enlightenment Ideas Explain the events of the Tennis Court Oath Wanted a fair vote. Met and promised to never separate and create a Constitution. What happened to King Louis and Marie Antoinette? Both were guillotined

Describe the major points in the Constitution of 1791 and 1795? 1791: limited the monarchy 1795: set up a republic What was the Reign of Terror? 17000 people killed by guillotine because they were though to be enemies of the revolution What was the Napoleonic Code of Law? Gave equality to all citizens Which 2 European countries was Napoleon unable to conquer? Great Britain Russia Name the 2 island that Napoleon was exiled to? Elba St Helena