1. Bones Bones Bones

2. Chapter 8 Whole skeleton and bones associated with the Skull Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 8-2

3. Unit 3 Bones (chapters 8 ) In Chapter 8 you will learn: 1.Bones of the Adult Skeletal System a. Skull bones slides 1-20 b. Vertebral and Thoracic Bones c. Bones of the Pectoral and Upper Limb d. Bones of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb 2. Surface Features of Bones 7-3

4. 8-4 The Skeletal System overview of the skeleton the skull the vertebral column and thoracic cage the pectoral girdle and upper limb the pelvic girdle and lower limb Figure 8.1a Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Skull Frontal bone Pectoral girdle Clavicle Maxilla Parietal bone Mandible Humerus Femur Fibula Ulna Radius Scapula Hip bone Sacrum Patella Carpus Thoracic cage Pelvis Sternum Ribs Costal cartilages Phalanges Metatarsal bones Phalanges Coccyx Vertebral column Metacarpal bones Tarsus (a) Anterior view Tibia

5. 8-5 Overview of the Skeleton two regions of the skeleton axial skeleton – forms the central supporting axis of the body skull, auditory ossicles, hyoid bone, vertebral column, and thoracic cage (ribs and sternum) appendicular skeleton – includes the bones of the upper limb and pectoral girdle, and the bones of the lower limb and pelvic girdle number of bones 206 in typical adult skeleton varies with development of sesamoid bones (patella) bones that form within some tendons in response to stress varies with presence of sutural (wormian) bones in skull extra bones that develop in skull suture lines 270 bones at birth, decreases with fusion surface markings defined in Table 8.2 ridges, spines, bumps, depressions, canals, pores, slits, cavities, and articular surfaces

6. 8-6 Axial and Appendicular Skeleton axial skeleton is colored tan skull, vertebrae, sternum, ribs, sacrum and hyoid appendicular skeleton is colored green pectoral girdle upper extremity pelvic girdle lower extremity Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Skull Frontal bone Clavicle Maxilla Parietal bone Mandible Occipital bone Mandible Humerus Femur Fibula Ulna Radius Scapula Clavicle Scapula Hip bone Sacrum Patella Carpus Pelvis Sternum Ribs Costal cartilages Phalanges Metatarsal bones Phalanges Coccyx (b) Posterior view Pectoral girdle Thoracic cage Vertebral column Metacarpal bones Tarsus (a) Anterior view Tibia Figure 8.1

7. 8-7 Anatomical Features of Bones Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Sinuses Crest Foramen Fossae Head Tubercle Crest Tuberosity Line Head Fovea Trochanters Fossae (a) Skull (lateral view) Epicondyles Condyles Alveolus Spine Condyle Process Lines Meatus (b) Scapula (posterior view) (c) Femur (posterior view) (d) Humerus (anterior view) Process Spine Figure 8.2

8. 8-8 The Skull skull – the most complex part of the skeleton 22 bones joined together by sutures (immovable joints) 8 cranial bones surround cranial cavity which encloses the brain other cavities – orbits, nasal cavity, oral (buccal) cavity, middle-, and inner ear cavities, and paranasal sinuses paranasal sinuses – frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary lined by mucous membrane and air-filled lighten the anterior portion of the skull act as chambers that add resonance to the voice foramina – holes that allow passage for nerves and blood vessels 14 facial bones support teeth, facial and jaw muscles

9. 8-9 Major Skull Cavities Figure 8.7 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Frontal bone Ethmoid bone Middle Superior Inferior Maxilla Nasal cavity Mandible Vomer Orbit Cranial cavity Nasal conchae Oral cavity Maxillary sinus Zygomatic bone Ethmoid air cells

10. 8-10 Cranial Fossa cranium (braincase) – protects the brain and associated sense organs swelling of the brain inside the rigid cranium may force tissue through foramen magnum resulting in death consists of two parts: the calvaria (skullcap) and the cranial base base is divided into three basins that comprise the cranial floor anterior cranial fossa holds the frontal lobe of the brain middle cranial fossa holds the temporal lobes of the brain posterior cranial fossa contains the cerebellum Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. (a) Superior view Posterior cranial fossa Middle cranial fossa Anterior cranial fossa Cerebellum Temporal lobe Frontal lobe (b) Lateral view Anterior cranial fossa Middle cranial fossa Posterior cranial fossa Figure 8.9

11. 8-11 Frontal Bone forms forehead and part of the roof of the cranium coronal suture – posterior boundary of frontal bone supraorbital margin forms roof of the orbit supraorbital foramen provides passage for nerve, artery, and vein glabella – smooth area above root of the nose contains frontal sinus Figure 8.3 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Frontal bone Coronal suture Lacrimal bone Squamous suture Infraorbital foramen Vomer Mandible Sphenoid bone Ethmoid bone Nasal bone Zygomatic bone Maxilla Mental foramen Temporal bone Glabella Mental protuberance Parietal bone Middle nasal concha Inferior nasal concha Supraorbital margin Supraorbital foramen

12. 8-12 Parietal Bone form most of cranial roof and part of its lateral walls bordered by 4 sutures sagittal – between parietal bones coronal – at anterior margin lambdoid – at posterior margin squamous – at lateral border two temporal lines serve as attachment of the temporalis muscle Figure 8.4a Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Parietal bone Frontal bone Lambdoid suture Sphenoid bone Temporal bone Zygomatic process External acoustic meatus Mandible Temporal lines Coronal suture Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Nasal bone Infraorbital foramen Zygomatic bone Temporal process Zygomaticofacial foramen Maxilla Mental foramen Occipital bone Squamous suture Mandibular condyle Styloid process Mastoid process (a) Right lateral view Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Frontal bone Coronal suture Sagittal suture Sutural bone Parietal bone Parietal foramen Lambdoid suture Occipital bone Posterior Anterior Figure 8.6

13. 8-13 Temporal Bone lateral wall and part of floor of cranial cavity squamous part encircled by squamous suture zygomatic process mandibular fossa tympanic part external auditory meatus styloid process mastoid part mastoid process mastoiditis from ear infection mastoid notch stylomastoid foramen mastoid foramen Figure 8.4a Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Parietal bone Frontal bone Lambdoid suture Sphenoid bone Temporal bone Zygomatic process External acoustic meatus Mandible Temporal lines Coronal suture Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Nasal bone Infraorbital foramen Zygomatic bone Temporal process Zygomaticofacial foramen Maxilla Mental foramen Occipital bone Squamous suture Mandibular condyle Styloid process Mastoid process (a) Right lateral view

14. 8-14 Petrous Portion of Temporal Bone petrous part part of cranial floor separates middle from posterior cranial fossa houses middle and inner ear cavities receptors for hearing and sense of balance internal auditory meatus - opening for CN VII (vestibulocochlear nerve) carotid canal jugular foramen Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. (b) Superior view of cranial floor Cribriform foramina Crista galli Diploe (spongy bone) Sphenoid bone Temporal bone Parietal bone Occipital bone Sella turcica Frontal bone Optic foramen Foramen rotundum Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Foramen magnum Jugular foramen Hypoglossal canal Internal acoustic meatus Groove for venous sinus Petrous part of temporal bone Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone Figure 8.5b

15. 8-15 Right Temporal Bone Mastoid part Mastoid process (a) Lateral surface (b) Medial surface Styloid process Squamous suture Styloid process Tympanic part Squamous part Squamous suture Zygomatic process Mandibular fossa Mastoid process Squamous part Petrous part Mastoid notch External acoustic meatus Zygomatic process Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Internal acoustic meatus Figure 8.10

16. 8-16 Occipital Bone rear and base of skull foramen magnum holds spinal cord basilar part skull rests on atlas at occipital condyles hypoglossal canal transmits hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) supplying tongue muscles condylar canal external occipital protuberance for nuchal ligament superior and inferior nuchal lines mark neck muscles Figure 8.5a Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Zygomatic bone Lambdoid suture Foramen magnum Mastoid foramen Jugular foramen Stylomastoid foramen Carotid canal Intermaxillary suture Palatine bone Greater palatine foramen Medial pterygoid plate Lateral pterygoid plate Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Foramen lacerum Incisive foramen Sphenoid bone Zygomatic arch Mandibular fossa Styloid process External acoustic meatus Mastoid process Mastoid notch Condylar canal Temporal bone Superior nuchal line Inferior nuchal line Occipital bone (a) Inferior view Parietal bone Occipital condyle Vomer Posterior nasal aperture Palatine process of maxilla Basilar part of occipital bone External occipital protuberance

17. Sphenoid Bone body greater wing lesser wing optic foramen anterior clinoid processes superior orbital fissure 8-17 Figure 8.5b Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Lesser wing Greater wing Foramen ovale Body Lateral pterygoid plate Medial pterygoid plate Pterygoid processes (b) Posterior view Dorsum sellae Foramen rotundum Superior orbital fissure Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. (b) Superior view of cranial floor Cribriform foramina Crista galli Diploe (spongy bone) Sphenoid bone Temporal bone Parietal bone Occipital bone Sella turcica Frontal bone Optic foramen Foramen rotundum Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Foramen magnum Jugular foramen Hypoglossal canal Internal acoustic meatus Groove for venous sinus Petrous part of temporal bone Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone Figure 8.11b

18. 8-18 Sphenoid Bone Figure 8.11a Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Optic foramen Lesser wing Greater wing Sella turcica Dorsum sellae Foramen rotundum Hypophyseal fossa Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum (a) Superior view Anterior clinoid process Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. (b) Superior view of cranial floor Cribriform foramina Crista galli Diploe (spongy bone) Sphenoid bone Temporal bone Parietal bone Occipital bone Sella turcica Frontal bone Optic foramen Foramen rotundum Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Foramen magnum Jugular foramen Hypoglossal canal Internal acoustic meatus Groove for venous sinus Petrous part of temporal bone Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone Figure 8.5b foramen rotundum foramen ovale foramen lacerum posterior nasal apertures or choanae medial pterygoid plate lateral pterygoid plate sphenoid sinus

19. 8-19 Sphenoid Bone sphenoid sinus Figure 8.4b Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Coronal suture Frontal bone Sphenoid sinus Frontal sinus Crista galli Parietal bone Temporal bone Internal acoustic meatus Jugular foramen Hypoglossal canal Mandibular foramen Styloid process Squamous suture Lambdoid suture Sella turcica Occipital bone Vomer Palatine bone Maxilla Mandible Mental spines Nasal bone (b) Median section Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone Palatine process of maxilla Figure 8.5a Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Zygomatic bone Lambdoid suture Foramen magnum Mastoid foramen Jugular foramen Stylomastoid foramen Carotid canal Intermaxillary suture Palatine bone Greater palatine foramen Medial pterygoid plate Lateral pterygoid plate Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Foramen lacerum Incisive foramen Sphenoid bone Zygomatic arch Mandibular fossa Styloid process External acoustic meatus Mastoid process Mastoid notch Condylar canal Temporal bone Superior nuchal line Inferior nuchal line Occipital bone (a) Inferior view Parietal bone Occipital condyle Vomer Posterior nasal aperture Palatine process of maxilla Basilar part of occipital bone External occipital protuberance

20. 8-20 Ethmoid Bone Figure 8.12 Supraorbital foramen Orbital plate of ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Optic foramen Orbital plate of frontal bone Lesser wing of sphenoid bone Frontal process of maxilla Superior orbital fissure Roof of orbit Orbital process of palatine bone Orbital surface of maxilla Floor of orbit Medial wall Zygomatic process of frontal bone Greater wing of sphenoid bone Orbital surface of zygomatic bone Inferior orbital fissure Lateral wall of orbit Infraorbital foramen Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. between the eyes contributes to medial wall of orbit lateral walls and roof of nasal cavity, and nasal septum three major portions of this porous, delicate bone perpendicular plate forms superior two-thirds of nasal septum cribriform plate – forms roof of nasal cavity –crista galli – attachment point for meninges –cribriform (olfactory) foramina labyrinth – large mass on each side of perpendicular plate –ethmoid cells in the make up ethmoid sinuses –orbital plate Figure 8.14 Orbital plate Crista galli Cribriform plate Cribriform foramina Ethmoidal cells Perpendicular plate Superior nasal concha Middle nasal concha Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

21. 8-21 Ethmoid Bone superior and middle concha perpendicular plate of nasal septum Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Coronal suture Frontal bone Sphenoid sinus Frontal sinus Crista galli Parietal bone Temporal bone Internal acoustic meatus Jugular foramen Hypoglossal canal Mandibular foramen Styloid process Squamous suture Lambdoid suture Sella turcica Occipital bone Vomer Palatine bone Maxilla Mandible Mental spines Nasal bone (b) Median section Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone Palatine process of maxilla Frontal sinus Inferior Anterior nasal spine Maxilla Incisive foramen Lacrimal bone Nasal bone Nasal cartilages Superior Middle Sphenoid sinus Palatine bone Sphenoid bone Crista galli Sella turcica Cribriform plate Cribriform foramina Occipital bone Lip Frontal bone Incisor Nasal conchae: Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Figure 8.4bFigure 8.13