1. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 1 © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning PowerPoint Presentation to Accompany

2. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 2 © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning Chapter 22 The Chest and Abdomen

3. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 3 © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning Objectives Upon completion of this chapter, you should be able to: –Describe the anatomy of the thoracic cavity –Describe the structures and functions of the organs of respiration –Explain the breathing and respiratory process 3

4. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 4 © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning Objectives (cont’d.) Upon completion of this chapter, you should be able to (cont’d.): –Discuss the significance of chest and abdominal injuries –List and describe the various injuries associated with the thoracic cavity –List and describe the various injuries associated with the abdominal cavity 4

5. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 5 © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning The Respiratory System 5 Obtains oxygen for use by body cells Eliminates carbon dioxide produced in cellular respiration

6. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 6 © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning The Respiratory System (cont’d.) 6 Air moves into the lungs through passageways: –Nasal cavity –Pharynx –Larynx –Trachea –Bronchi –Bronchioles –Alveoli

7. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 7 © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning Respiration 7 Process by which body supplies cells and tissues with oxygen for metabolism and relieves them of carbon dioxide –External respiration Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between lungs and outside environment –Internal respiration Exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen between cells and lymph, plus oxidative process of energy in cells (cellular respiration)

8. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 8 © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning Animation - Respiration Click Here to Play Respiration Animation

9. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 9 © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning Control of Breathing 9 Rate of breathing is controlled by neural (nervous) and chemical factors –Same goal but function independently –Chemical control of respiration depends on carbon dioxide level in the blood –Chemoreceptors in carotid arteries and aorta are sensitive to blood oxygen levels

10. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 10 © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning Lung Capacity and Volume 10 Factors: –Tidal volume –Inspiratory reserve volume –Expiratory reserve volume –Vital lung capacity –Residual volume –Functional residual capacity –Total lung capacity

11. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 11 © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning Disorders of the Respiratory System 11 Asthma –Muscles around airways tighten and airway lining swells and gets clogged with thick mucus Symptoms: coughing, wheezing, dyspnea (difficulty in breathing), and chest tightness Treatment: varies

12. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 12 © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning Asthma Click Here to Play Asthma Animation

13. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 13 © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning Chest (Thorax) Injuries 13 Rib contusions –Caused by a forceful blow to the ribcage that bruises intercostal muscle Rib fractures –Break in bony structure of thorax –Most often the result of a direct blow to the ribcage

14. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 14 © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning Chest (Thorax) Injuries (cont’d.) 14 Chest contusions –Bruising over central area of chest –Results from a compressive, forceful blow to the body Myocardial contusion and aortic rupture –Occurs if force applied to sternum is great enough to compress the heart against the spin

15. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 15 © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning Chest (Thorax) Injuries (cont’d.) 15 Sudden death syndrome –Usually caused by some form of heart disease Pneumothorax –Occurs when air enters thoracic cavity between the chest wall and lung Sucking chest wound Spontaneous pneumothorax Tension pneumothorax

16. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 16 © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning Chest (Thorax) Injuries (cont’d.) 16 Hemopneumothorax –Can occur with both open and closed chest injuries Often accompanies a pneumothorax –Blood accumulates in pleural space between chest wall and lung Pulmonary contusion –Bruise on lung caused by a direct blow

17. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 17 © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning Chest (Thorax) Injuries (cont’d.) 17 Blows to the solar plexus –“Having the wind knocked out” Hyperventilation –Breathing at a rate faster than required for proper exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide Side stitches –Occur during vigorous exercises Usually with novice exercisers

18. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 18 © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning Injury Prevention for the Chest 18 Begins with proper equipment and education –Good, well-maintained, equipment that fits properly will reduce chance of injury –At risk athletes should wear additional protection –Education and use of proper techniques can also minimize risk of trauma

19. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 19 © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning The Abdominopelvic Cavity 19 One large cavity, with no separation between the abdomen and pelvis –Abdominal cavity contains: stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, small intestine, appendix, and part of the large intestines Kidneys are close to but behind abdominal cavity –Pelvic cavity contains: urinary bladder, reproductive organs, rectum, remainder of large intestine, and appendix

20. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 20 © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning Protection of the Abdominal Organs 20 Abdominal area is vulnerable to injury –Muscular abdominal wall is most commonly involved –Injury to contents of abdominal cavity are infrequent Musculature of abdominal wall provides adequate protection from most injuries Serious injuries to the intra-abdominal contents occur and can be life threatening

21. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 21 © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning Organs of the Abdominopelvic Cavity 21 Include: –Stomach –Small intestine –Pancreas –Liver –Gallbladder –Urinary bladder –Large intestine Cecum and Appendix Ascending, transverse, and descending colon –Kidneys Medulla and cortex Nephron Ureters

22. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 22 © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning Abdominal Injuries 22 Kidney contusion –Uncommon in athletics –Occurs with a violent blow to upper posterior abdominal wall Liver contusion –Uncommon but probable life-threatening injury –Occurs with a hard blow to right side of ribcage

23. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 23 © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning Abdominal Injuries (cont’d.) 23 Spleen injuries –Treat as medical emergency –Results from a blow to the left upper quadrant, lower left ribcage, or left side of the back Hernias –Protrusion of abdominal tissue through a portion of the abdominal wall

24. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 24 © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning Conclusion 24 The chest and abdomen contain the body’s vital organs –Organs in the chest are protected by the ribcage –Chest contains the heart and lungs –Abdomen contains kidneys, liver, spleen, stomach, urinary bladder, intestines, among others

25. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 25 © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning Conclusion (cont’d.) 25 Chest and abdominal injuries are uncommon in athletics, but do occur –Most internal organs are very vascular and can bleed profusely if injured –Proper recognition and treatment of these injuries are vital to the health and well-being of the athlete