1. East Meets West The Crusades

2. Causes: Win/Win…why not? Pope Urban II promises those who die in the holy war entrance into heaven. Also promised citizens who conquer lands from the Saracens the ability to keep the land acquired.

3. Causes: Adventure After Christianization of the Vikings, Slavs, and Magyars there was an entire class of warriors who now had very little to do but fight amongst themselves and terrorize the peasant population. After Christianization of the Vikings, Slavs, and Magyars there was an entire class of warriors who now had very little to do but fight amongst themselves and terrorize the peasant population. A plea for help from the Byzantine Emperor Alexius I in opposing Muslim attacks thus appealed to their sense of adventure. It gave them a reason to fight. A plea for help from the Byzantine Emperor Alexius I in opposing Muslim attacks thus appealed to their sense of adventure. It gave them a reason to fight.

4. Causes: Papal Politics Roman-Byzantine Rivalry Cluniac (Benedictine) reform A series of reforms that created monastic communities in Western Rome. Eastern Orthodox church rejects monastic reforms like vows of chastity. Cluniac (Benedictine) reform A series of reforms that created monastic communities in Western Rome. Eastern Orthodox church rejects monastic reforms like vows of chastity. Appointment controversy; Pope Gregory VII excommunicates King Henry IV because he rejects his appt as pope; Civil War ensues concerning who should appt the pope Appointment controversy; Pope Gregory VII excommunicates King Henry IV because he rejects his appt as pope; Civil War ensues concerning who should appt the pope The Great Schism, 1054, was a division of Christianity into Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic. The primary cause was a dispute over papal authority. The Great Schism, 1054, was a division of Christianity into Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic. The primary cause was a dispute over papal authority.

5. Causes: European Expansionism In the Battle of Hastings in 1066, William the Conqueror (from Normandy) defeated England and brought unity and strength to that country. In the Battle of Hastings in 1066, William the Conqueror (from Normandy) defeated England and brought unity and strength to that country. After the recapture of Toledo from the Moslems in 1087, Toledo became the residence of the kings of Castile and the religious center of the whole of Spain After the recapture of Toledo from the Moslems in 1087, Toledo became the residence of the kings of Castile and the religious center of the whole of Spain The Normans captured Sicily from the Moslems in 1091 and paved the way for the unification of that country. The Normans captured Sicily from the Moslems in 1091 and paved the way for the unification of that country.

6. Causes: Muslim Advances Events in Moslem World The Battle of Manzikert, 1071, resulted in the defeat of the Byzantine Empire and the capture of the Emperor by the Seljuk Turks (muslims). The Battle of Manzikert, 1071, resulted in the defeat of the Byzantine Empire and the capture of the Emperor by the Seljuk Turks (muslims). The Byzantines also lost Anatolia to the Turks. The Byzantines also lost Anatolia to the Turks. The Turks disrupted pilgrim traffic. The Turks disrupted pilgrim traffic.

7. Great Schism 1064 Battle of Hastings 1066 Battle of Manzikert 1071 Christianization of the Vikings, Slavs, and Magyars c. 1000 Capture of Toledo from Muslims 1087 Cluniac Reform c. 1024 Capture of Sicily from Muslims 1099 ConstantinopleConstantinople RomeRome ExpansionismExpansionism Papal Politics AdventureAdventure Religious Piety PilgrimagesPilgrimages Muslim Advances Europe 1000-1100 Investiture Controversy 1075+ Papal Controversy 1075+

8. Call for a Crusade Pope Urban II called for a Crusade in 1095 Pope Urban II called for a Crusade in 1095 Objectives Objectives Drive Turks from Anatolia Drive Turks from Anatolia Obligate the Byzantines Obligate the Byzantines Provide occasion for healing Great Schism on Rome's terms Provide occasion for healing Great Schism on Rome's terms Capture Holy Land Capture Holy Land

9. Major Events of Crusades First Crusade 1097-1098 First Crusade 1097-1098 Achieved all major objectives in Holy Land Achieved all major objectives in Holy Land Turkish threat blunted, though not eliminated Turkish threat blunted, though not eliminated Area not strategic to Moslems, could have been held indefinitely with a little skill. Area not strategic to Moslems, could have been held indefinitely with a little skill. Initial gains lost through diplomatic bungling. Initial gains lost through diplomatic bungling. Crusaders attempted to destabilize neighbors Crusaders attempted to destabilize neighbors

10. Major Events of Crusades Second Crusade, 1147-1148 Second Crusade, 1147-1148  Military failure, discredits Crusaders as military threat Third Crusade, 1189-1191 Third Crusade, 1189-1191  Well-known in literature (Robin Hood)  Involved Richard I of England, Phillip II of France, Frederick I of Holy Roman Empire  Saladin on Moslem side.

11. Major Events of Crusades Fourth Crusade, 1199-1204 Fourth Crusade, 1199-1204 Western-Greek relations strained, mutual contempt. Western-Greek relations strained, mutual contempt. Crusaders sacked Constantinople, 1204 Crusaders sacked Constantinople, 1204 Chance to heal Great Schism utterly lost. Chance to heal Great Schism utterly lost. In 1453, when attacked by Turks, Byzantines preferred surrendering opposed to asking Rome for aid. In 1453, when attacked by Turks, Byzantines preferred surrendering opposed to asking Rome for aid.

12. Major Events of Crusades Fifth Crusade, 1218-1219 Fifth Crusade, 1218-1219  Captured Damietta, swapped for Jerusalem  Moslems agreed  Crusaders tried to conquer Egypt, were routed Sixth Crusade, 1229 Sixth Crusade, 1229  Frederick II of Germany did little fighting and a lot of negotiation  Treaty gave the Crusaders Jerusalem and all the other holy cities and a truce of ten years  He was widely condemned for conducting the Crusade by negotiating rather than fighting.

13. Major Events of Crusades Seventh Crusade, 1248-1254 Seventh Crusade, 1248-1254  Led by Louis IX of France  Nearly an exact repeat of the Fifth Crusade Eighth Crusade, 1270 Eighth Crusade, 1270  Led by Louis IX of France  Louis’ brother, Charles of Anjou, king of Sicily, had strategic plans of his own and diverted the expedition to Tunisia, where Louis died.  The last Crusader cities on the mainland of Palestine fell in 1291  One small island stronghold lasted until 1303.

14. Where else in military history can we find a war that was won four times and still lost?

15. The Crusades Died Out Lack of interest, rising European prosperity Lack of interest, rising European prosperity Repeated military defeats Repeated military defeats Discredited by "crusades" against Christians (e.g., Albigensians) Discredited by "crusades" against Christians (e.g., Albigensians)

16. Effects of Crusades Knowledge introduced to Europe Knowledge introduced to Europe Heavy stone masonry, construction of castles and stone churches. Heavy stone masonry, construction of castles and stone churches. Siege technology, tunneling, sapping. Siege technology, tunneling, sapping. Moslem minarets adopted as church spires Moslem minarets adopted as church spires Weakening of nobility, rise of merchant classes & reassertion of kings power Weakening of nobility, rise of merchant classes & reassertion of kings power Loss of faith in church Loss of faith in church Enrichment was primarily from East to West--Europe had little to give in return. Enrichment was primarily from East to West--Europe had little to give in return.

17. Effects of Crusades Fatal weakening of Byzantine Empire Fatal weakening of Byzantine Empire Vast increase in cultural horizons for many Europeans. Vast increase in cultural horizons for many Europeans. Stimulated Mediterranean trade. Stimulated Mediterranean trade. Need to transfer large sums of money for troops and supplies led to development of banking techniques. Need to transfer large sums of money for troops and supplies led to development of banking techniques. Romantic and imaginative literature. Romantic and imaginative literature.

18. References Dutch, Steven I. 13 Dec. 2001. University of Wisconsin-Green Bay. 22 Sept. 2005. Dutch, Steven I. 13 Dec. 2001. University of Wisconsin-Green Bay. 22 Sept. 2005.http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/WestTechPPT/Crusades.ppt The Crusades." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. 23 Sept. 2005. Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. 24 Sept. 2005. The Crusades." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. 23 Sept. 2005. Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. 24 Sept. 2005.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades#Historical_background The Church and the Crusades." Medieval Crusades. 24 Sept. 2005 http://www.medievalcrusades.com>. The Church and the Crusades." Medieval Crusades. 24 Sept. 2005 http://www.medievalcrusades.com>. http://www.medievalcrusades.com