2. EQ# 3 Answer the following question: Can something be a success and a failure? –Explain –Any examples?

3. Based on your own knowledge and based on what you see in this image, what do you predict the Crusades were?

4. THE CRUSADES A Quest for the Holy Land

5. The Crusades History’s Most Successful FAILURE

6. Background During the Middle Ages the Catholic Church had risen in power After the fall of Rome, the Eastern portion of the Empire became known as the Byzantine Empire

7. Many were uncertain where life would lead them and many tragic events lead people to have a higher belief in GOD (Rise of Christianity)

9. Background- Causes Jerusalem was a holy land for the Christians and each year many come to visit (pilgrimages) The Seljuk Turks (Muslims) controlled that land and the amount of visitors grew too much that they began not allowing visitors It was also believed that the increase in Muslim power would threaten the Byzantine Capital of Constantinople

10. Upheaval in the East Events in Moslem World  Battle of Manzikert, 1071  decline of Byzantine fortunes to The Battle of Manzikert. It is also considered one of the root causes for the later Crusades  defeat showed the Seljuks that the Byzantines were not invincible  West saw The Battle of Manzikert as a signal that Byzantium was no longer capable of being the protector of Eastern Christianity.  Byzantines lose Anatolia to Turks.  Loss foreshadows eventual end of Byzantine Empire.  Turks disrupt pilgrim traffic.

11. Jerusalem

12. Crusades A long series or Wars between Christians and Muslims They fought over control of Jerusalem which was called the Holy Land because it was the region where Jesus had lived, preached and died

13. What Happened? Christians saw Muslims as “infidels” “Infidel” is someone who doesn’t share your religious belief. Muslims saw Christians as infidels, too.

15. Causes of the Crusades Muslim Turks captured Jerusalem from the Byzantine Empire Muslims stopped Christians from Visiting Holy Land Christian pilgrims were attacked Byzantine Empire feared attack on Constantinople

16. Why was Constantinople so important geographically?

17. Pope Urban II and his call 1093- Byzantine Emperor Alexius wanted help to save Constantinople from Turks  asks Church 1095- Pope Urban II issues a call for a “holy” war or Crusade to capture the Holy land (Palestine) back from Muslims –Pope assured that those that die in Crusade will have a place in Heaven

18. Who Answered the Call? Feudal Lords Knights Peasants

19. Put yourself in the place of a Crusader…before setting out what are at least 5 things you would want to know before you left and at least five things you might take with you?

20. What are two specific benefits of fighting as a Crusader?

21. Why did they answer? Religious convictions Gain glory Taxes were canceled or paid by the Church Avoid jail Plunder

22. Why did Pope Urban II call for a Crusade in 1095 (what did he hope to gain) to unite European Christians in a common cause to make the kings and noble vassals under his spiritual leadership to return the Holy Lands to Christian control  Provide occasion for healing Great Schism (1064) on Rome's terms –to subject the Eastern orthodox churches to Rome –Obligate the Byzantines  Drive Turks from Anatolia

23. Council of Clermont, 1095 “If any one through devotion alone, and not for the sake of honor or gain, goes to Jerusalem to free the church of God, the journey itself shall take the place of all penance. “

24. Major Events of Crusades  I Crusade 1097-1098  Achieves all major objectives in Holy Land  Turkish threat blunted, though not eliminated  Area not strategic to Moslems, could have been held indefinitely with a little skill.  Initial gains lost through diplomatic bungling.  Crusaders attempt to destabilize neighbors

25. The First Crusade (1096-1099) Peasant army –Untrained –Lacked military equipment –Many killed by Muslim Turks Knights –Succeeded in capturing Jerusalem

26. Major Events of Crusades  II Crusade, 1147-1148  Military failure, discredits Crusaders as military threat  III Crusade, 1189-1191  Kings crusade  Richard I of England  Phillip II of France  Frederick I of Holy Roman Empire  Well-known in literature (Robin Hood)  Saladin  Battle of Acre

27. Second Crusade (1147-1149) Saladin leads the Muslim Turks to victory, defeating the Christians * He was considered a very wise ruler. He was known for his sometimes kind treatment of fallen enemies. Many Christians saw him as a model of knightly chivalry.

28. Second Crusade (1147-1149) After victory many Christians went back home. The Turks eventually took back much of the territory. King of France and Emperor of Germany sent troops to stop the Turks.

29. Third Crusade (1189-1192) King Richard of England convinces the Turks to allow Christians to visit the Holy Land

30. IV Crusade IV Crusade, 1199-1204  Western-Greek relations always strained, mutual contempt.  To finance crusade, Crusaders work for Venetians  Crusaders sack Constantinople, 1204  Chance to heal Great Schism utterly lost.  In 1453, when attacked by Turks, Byzantines preferred surrender to asking Rome for aid.

31. V & VI Crusades V Crusade1218-1219 –Capture Damietta, swap for Jerusalem –Moslems agree –Crusaders try to conquer Egypt, are routed VI Crusade1229 –Frederick II of Germany did little fighting and a lot of negotiation – Treaty gave the Crusaders Jerusalem and all the other holy cities and a truce of ten years – He was widely condemned for conducting the Crusade by negotiating rather than fighting.

32. VII & VIII Crusades VII Crusade 1248-1254 –Led by Louis IX of France –Nearly an exact repeat of the Fifth Crusade VIII Crusade 1270 –Led by Louis IX of France –Louis’ brother, Charles of Anjou, king of Sicily, had strategic plans of his own and diverted the expedition to Tunisia, where Louis died. –The last Crusader cities on the mainland of Palestine fell in 1291 –One small island stronghold lasted until 1303.

33. Children’s Crusade - 1212 20,000 – 30,000 children went out many of them under 12 years old – Never made it to the Holy Land –Most died of disease, starvation and others were sold to slavery

35. Lost the Battle but won the war

36. Why did the Crusades fail? After the 1 st attempt, each attempt was weaker with less emphasis on winning People soon became about making money and getting goods Stealing from Byzantine and Islamic

37. Why Did the Crusades Fail? There was never a supreme commander power struggles between kings, knights, and nobles led to disunity. Poor tactics and strategy and the inability to adapt to military methods suitable from the region and the enemy. Lack of geographical knowledge. Refusal to swear allegiance to Byzantine emperor and receive his support and information. Difficulties in maintaining supplies led to "barbarian' acts by civilized Europeans. They established a castle defense only along the coast and never incorporated the allegiance of the local people.

38. Results of the Crusades  Fatal weakening of Byzantine Empire  Vast increase in cultural horizons for many Europeans  Stimulated Mediterranean trade.  Increased trade throughout Europe –New products plus greater mobility –Europeans want product from the East such as sugar, cotton, silk, spices, etc.  Cities grew  Because cities grew – influence of the lords declined – serfs left the manors for the cities – no longer needed the protection of the knights – Feudalism was no longer effective  Feudalism Ends  Role of the Castle changed from protection to residence  Need to transfer large sums of money for troops and supplies led to development of banking techniques.  Rise of heraldic emblems, coats of arms

39. Results of the Crusades Strengthened the Kings or Centralized Power and weakened Feudalism –While kings and their knights were away fighting their territory was confiscated or conquered by a few left behind consolidating the territory under a few kings instead of many. New town laws changed the base of power from the nobles to the leaders of the town Encouraged learning –Romantic and imaginative literature.

40. Results of the Crusades Improvements – Ships, Maps, Explorers Turks still rule the Holy Land Travel – Europeans want to travel more  Knowledge introduced to Europe  Heavy stone masonry, construction of castles and stone churches.  Siege technology, tunneling, sapping.  Moslem minarets adopted as church spires  Weakening of nobility, rise of merchant classes  Enrichment was primarily from East to West--Europe had little to give in return.

41. Too many cracks Crusades caused changes that created a questioning environment and one that was based on reason more than faith. Although the power of the church was initially strengthened – the questioning attitude created a split and ultimate reform within the church Like Humpty Dumpty – the castles - knights – lords and ladies - came tumbling down Created lasting resentments still felt today between the Muslim World and the West

42. The End

43. Your Assignment Annotated Info Graphic: Must be about the Crusades – can be from either side Must be at least 12” x 20” Must include 1 major annotated picture –Must be hand drawn or printed off –major person, landmark, or event from the Crusades Must include 12 supporting points with pictures –Must explain the significance, use, impact and contribution to history and society during that historical time period and history as a whole