1. The Crusades Honors World History Mr. Brinkley

2. The Crusades 1095-1400’s A series of holy wars fought between Christian knights and Muslims over the Holy Land. A series of holy wars fought between Christian knights and Muslims over the Holy Land. Many Crusades-’official’ vs. ‘unofficial.’ Many Crusades-’official’ vs. ‘unofficial.’ Mixed outcomes and legacy. Mixed outcomes and legacy.

3. Historical Context Holy Land had changed hands often since Christ’s time. Holy Land had changed hands often since Christ’s time. Roman Empire. Roman Empire. Byzantine Empire. Byzantine Empire. Umayyad Dynasty. Umayyad Dynasty. Abbasids-Seljuk Turks. Abbasids-Seljuk Turks.

4. Holy Land-For 3 Faiths Jews, Christians, and Muslims all consider the land sacred. Jews, Christians, and Muslims all consider the land sacred. Throughout the Middle Ages, pilgrims from Western Europe made pilgrimages to Jerusalem. Throughout the Middle Ages, pilgrims from Western Europe made pilgrimages to Jerusalem. Muslims had been tolerant-until 1070’s (Seljuk Turks) Muslims had been tolerant-until 1070’s (Seljuk Turks)

5. What’s The Problem? The Rapid Spread of Islam didn’t just affect the Holy Land. The Rapid Spread of Islam didn’t just affect the Holy Land. It also impacted the Byzantine Empire and parts of Western Europe. It also impacted the Byzantine Empire and parts of Western Europe. By 1071-the Byzantine Emperor was afraid. By 1071-the Byzantine Emperor was afraid.

6. Byzantine Emperor Alexius I Fears his entire kingdom is in jeopardy after Muslim victory at Manzikert. Fears his entire kingdom is in jeopardy after Muslim victory at Manzikert. Appeals for help. Appeals for help. Rather than send word to a bunch of kings, he asked the pope to help. Rather than send word to a bunch of kings, he asked the pope to help.

7. Pope Urban II Calls for Crusade in 1095. Calls for Crusade in 1095. “God Wills It.” “God Wills It.” Many motives-for him, and for knights. Many motives-for him, and for knights.

8. Urban’s Motives Spiritual-Recover Holy Land. Spiritual-Recover Holy Land. Peace in his Neighborhood-End conflicts across Western Europe between feudal kings. Peace in his Neighborhood-End conflicts across Western Europe between feudal kings. Personal-Increase the power and prestige of Rome in Eastern Europe as well. (1054) Personal-Increase the power and prestige of Rome in Eastern Europe as well. (1054)

9. Knights’ Motives Religious-Promise of forgiveness of sins/heaven from Pope Urban. Religious-Promise of forgiveness of sins/heaven from Pope Urban. Adventure-The chance to go to a place never seen, rather than the old manor. Adventure-The chance to go to a place never seen, rather than the old manor. Fame-Chance to return as a conquering hero. Fame-Chance to return as a conquering hero.

11. First Crusade 1096-1099 Only Really Successful One. Only Really Successful One. Jerusalem captured. Jerusalem captured. Not without controversy. Not without controversy.

12. Positive Results Joined forces with Byzantines in 1097. Joined forces with Byzantines in 1097. Mission Accomplished. Mission Accomplished. 4 Crusader Kingdoms Established. 4 Crusader Kingdoms Established. Edessa, Antioch, Tripoli, Jerusalem. Edessa, Antioch, Tripoli, Jerusalem.

13. Negative Results Increased Intolerance-Peter the Hermit and troubling origins. Increased Intolerance-Peter the Hermit and troubling origins. Once Jerusalem captured-massacre of inhabitants. (Jews and Muslims) Once Jerusalem captured-massacre of inhabitants. (Jews and Muslims)

14. After First Crusade….. Most Crusaders returned home. Most Crusaders returned home. Early 1100’s-Muslims organize to retake Holy Land. Early 1100’s-Muslims organize to retake Holy Land. Now it’s personal. Now it’s personal. 1144-Re-capture Edessa. 1144-Re-capture Edessa.

15. The Second Crusade 1147-1149 Called by Pope Eugenius. Called by Pope Eugenius. Goal to defend the remaining Crusader States. Goal to defend the remaining Crusader States. Failed Miserably-Lack of cooperation, political disagreements, and poorly prepared knights. Failed Miserably-Lack of cooperation, political disagreements, and poorly prepared knights. Retreated, left Crusader States in danger. Retreated, left Crusader States in danger.

16. Saladin the Great After the defeat of Second Crusade, Muslim attacks on Crusader States continue. After the defeat of Second Crusade, Muslim attacks on Crusader States continue. 1187-Jerusalem retaken by Saladin. 1187-Jerusalem retaken by Saladin.

17. The Third Crusade-1189-1192 The King’s Crusade. The King’s Crusade. Richard I of England. Richard I of England. Philip Augustus of France. Philip Augustus of France. Frederick Barbarossa of Germany. Frederick Barbarossa of Germany. Objective-Take Jerusalem back! Objective-Take Jerusalem back!

18. Tough Start…… King Frederick drowns en route to Constantinople. King Frederick drowns en route to Constantinople. By the way, Barbarossa means ‘red beard.’ By the way, Barbarossa means ‘red beard.’

19. The Unlucky Spot

20. The Fun Continues… The German knights went home-Obvious bad omen. The German knights went home-Obvious bad omen. Richard and Philip continued on…. Richard and Philip continued on…. One Small Problem-They hated each other. One Small Problem-They hated each other. Had previously been fighting one another in France over old land claims. Had previously been fighting one another in France over old land claims. Remember William the Conqueror? Remember William the Conqueror?

21. Fun Cont’d….. 1191-Philip and his men return to France. 1191-Philip and his men return to France. Upon their return, they attack Richard’s lands. Upon their return, they attack Richard’s lands. Richard stayed, and continued the Crusade. Richard stayed, and continued the Crusade. Alone…. Alone….

22. Richard The Lionhearted Battled Saladin. Battled Saladin. Recaptured Edessa, and much of the Mediterranean coast. Recaptured Edessa, and much of the Mediterranean coast. Failed to recapture Jerusalem. Failed to recapture Jerusalem. Signed a truce with Saladin. Signed a truce with Saladin. Guaranteed safety for European pilgrims in Jerusalem. Guaranteed safety for European pilgrims in Jerusalem.

23. Richard and Saladin The Odd Couple. The Odd Couple. Fought each other ferociously. Fought each other ferociously. Gained respect for each other. Gained respect for each other. The true definition of chivalry. The true definition of chivalry.

24. Other Fun Crusades Children’s Crusade-1212. Children’s Crusade-1212. ‘Unofficial’ Crusade. ‘Unofficial’ Crusade. Started in France. Started in France. Children marched to Italy. Children marched to Italy. Unarmed-Except for ‘God’s love.’ Unarmed-Except for ‘God’s love.’ Never made it to Holy Land. Never made it to Holy Land. Italian merchants sold children into slavery=to the Muslims. Italian merchants sold children into slavery=to the Muslims.

25. The Fourth Crusade 1202-1204 Never reached the Holy Land. Never reached the Holy Land. Instead, Crusaders got involved in political struggle. Instead, Crusaders got involved in political struggle. Captured Constantinople. Captured Constantinople. Massacre, rape, plunder of Byzantine capital. Massacre, rape, plunder of Byzantine capital. Pope Innocent III excommunicated all Crusaders. Pope Innocent III excommunicated all Crusaders.

26. The Final Analysis……. Other Crusades were launched over the next 200 years. Other Crusades were launched over the next 200 years. Unsuccessful. Unsuccessful. By 1291, the Muslims had recaptured the entire Holy Land. By 1291, the Muslims had recaptured the entire Holy Land. Byzantine Empire never recovered from Fourth Crusade. Turks captured it in 1453. Byzantine Empire never recovered from Fourth Crusade. Turks captured it in 1453.

27. Why the Crusades Matter…. Positive Results Returning Crusaders brought back new goods-sugar, spices, silk. Returning Crusaders brought back new goods-sugar, spices, silk. Led to increased trade. Led to increased trade. Increased interest in knowledge of the world, and new technology. Increased interest in knowledge of the world, and new technology.

28. Why the Crusades Matter….. Negative Results Weakened the Byzantine Empire fatally. Weakened the Byzantine Empire fatally. Increased intolerance for non- Christians. Increased intolerance for non- Christians. Permanent division between Roman Christianity and Orthodox Christians. Permanent division between Roman Christianity and Orthodox Christians. 1347-Returning ships brought the Black Death. (25 million people killed) 1347-Returning ships brought the Black Death. (25 million people killed) Lasting bad feeling between Christians and Muslims. Lasting bad feeling between Christians and Muslims.