1. Durham Cathedral Cloister The order and the Sanctuary Romanesque

2. Fig 153a Aachen Cathedral, 792-805 Romanesque

3. Western Europe in the 11 th – 12 th centuries developed a style which critics of the 19 th century would call ROMANesque Fig 153b Aachen Cathedral Interior, 792- 805

4. Romanesque takes its roots from the Ancient Roman style of construction incorporating heavily the Roman Vault in its design Fig 153b Aachen Cathedral Interior, 792- 805

5. Romanesque’s fortress- like appearance can be attributed to the 700 years of turmoil that occurred in Europe Fig 153c Aachen Cathedral Interior, 792-805

6. “... the course of the several centuries that preceeded the millenium, those barbarian hordes we saw in the Dark Ages devastating cities and destroying culture had undergone a transformation… – Medieval Christendom” Nuttgens Fig 153c Aachen Cathedral Interior, 792-805

8. Charlemagne (or Charles the Great) He conquered vast territories and brought a semblance of administrative and cultural order to Europe. Charles the Great

9. He set about to revive the Roman Empire and on Christmas Day, 800 AD, he was crowned Emperor of the West in Rome THE CORONATION OF CHARLEMAGNE (Carolinian Monarch)

10. Carolingian Restoration Charlemagne saw his return to the days of the Roman Empire as embracing the triumph of the Church. He saw religion not only as a means of personal salvation but as an instrument to transform society. Charles the Great

11. Module #5b: Mediterranean in Early Middle Ages 11 Charlemagne Palace and Chapel, Aachen, Germany

12. Charlemagnes’s Cathedral at Aachen: best example of Carolingian Architecture http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rSiD5Jinpuw&feature=related

13. Charlemagne Palace Chapel Aachen Cathedral cut-through Section & Interior, 792-805 16-sided outer polygon Inner octagon supporting a dome

14. Aachen Cathedral resembles, in plan, St. Vitale in Ravenna but the interior emphasis on sturdy piers and complex spaces make it a new creation. Aachen Cathedral St. Vitale in Ravenna

15. Romanesque Architecture has a unique feature that cannot be seen in the original Ancient Roman Architecture nor in its revival during the renaissance… San Miniato al Monte, Florence

16. Distinctive character of the Romanseque Style as seen in the Corinthian column in San Miniato al Monte, Florence and in the Cathedral at Pisa San Miniato al Monte, Florence

17. Cathedral at Pisa http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GUo5Ss46TKw&NR=1

18. Baptistry, Cathedral & Leaning Tower at Pisa

20. Cathedral & Leaning Tower at Pisa

21. Cathedral’s Interior at Pisa

22. Durham Cathedral Romanesque architecture know as Norman Style 12th century

23. Durham Cathedral is the greatest Norman building in England

24. Durham Cathedral

25. Durham Cathedral, Interior Distinctive influential Romanesque form established by the Normans

26. Durham Cathedral Sketches / Sections

27. Durham Cathedral

28. Whiteshire, England

29. Anglo-Saxon Church of St. Lawrence, Bradford-on-Avon, Whiteshire 10 th -11 th Distinguished building built with a high standard of quality and skill It exhibits a well-cut ashlar stonework (could have been reused Roman masonry) which is not equaled until the eleventh century churches http://www.britannia.com/church/saxchurch/bradford2.html

30. Church of St. Lawrence, Plan It has a small nave, eastern chancel, north porticus and traces of a south porticus

31. Church of St. Lawrence, Elevation Anglo-Saxon Church of St. Lawrence, Blind Arcading Bradford-on-Avon, Whiteshire 10 th -11 th

32. St. James, Santiago de Compostela, Spain, 1078-1122 Passion for Pilgrimage

33. Wider Naves and Broader Transepts These accommodated large pilgrimages gather for the daily rituals and processions St. James, Santiago de Compostela, Spain, 1078-1122 Plan

34. Krak des Chevaliers, Syria, c1142-1220 The Crusaders and the Holy Land Krak des Chevaliers, Syria, c1142-1220 “The Bone in the Saracen’s Throat”

35. Krak des Chevaliers, Syria c1142-1220

36. Krak des Chevaliers, Syria, c1142-1220 Crusader fortress in Syria Krak from Syriac’s Karac meaning fortress

37. Krak des Chevaliers, Syria, c1142-1220

39. The Abbey was a key structure in the spread of devotion Often located just outside the city gates It provided work, medical care, education, a place to stay for pilgrims and even sanctuary for criminals Demonstrated the supremacy of the church Abbey of St. Gall, Switzerland Plan

40. Plan of Abbey church is usually cruciform in shape The Altar located at the east to capture the rays of the morning sun The main door is at the west Abbey of St. Gall, Switzerland Plan

41. Earliest known drawing (Plan)of a great abbey: Abbey of St. Gall, Switzerland in the year 820 Workshops often happen in an Abbey where craftsmen experimented on building techniques and got their inspirations that blossomed into the Romanesque Style

42. Module #5b: Mediterranean in Early Middle Ages 42 Monasteries Plans developed to keep resident monks and transient worshippers apart. abbey: Plan of abbey of St. Germain-des- Prés, Paris, 13th cent. A, church; B, cloister; C, city gate; E, chapter house; F, chapel; G, refectory; H, cellars and presses; I, abbot’s lodging; K, ditches; L, gardens

43. Evolution of the Church form Churches were rectangular halls with or without and apse, and with or without transepts. basilica: Typical plan. A, apse; B, B’, secondary apse; C, high altar; D, bishop’s throne; G, transept; H, nave; J, J’, aisles

44. The altar was at times built over a crypt In a pilgrim church, this will have a chevet (crypt)and ambulatory with chapels behind the altar Worms Cathedral, Germany c1016

45. The pile-up roof with its semi-conical caps emphasizes the location of the altar as seen from the exterior The Worms Cathedral in Germany showing the twin towers of the western apse Worms Cathedral, Germany c1016

46. Worms Cathedral, Germany c1016

47. Worms Cathedral, Germany c1016

48. Gislebertus, Sculture of the Three Magi Sleeping, Autun Cathedral, France c1120-40

49. Christ in judgment West front façade richly sculpted from a Christ-figure on the tympanum typical of Romanesque Architecture Autun Cathedral, France c1120-40

51. Autun Cathedral, France c1120-40 Nave

53. Notre-Dame, la Grande Massive sunken portals Poitiers, France, 1130-4

54. Notre-Dame, la Grande, Poitiers, France, 1130-48

56. Plan

57. Three tiered sculpture works of saints, prophets, creatures and foliage. With the bottom tier showing the life of Jesus

58. Barrel-vaulted nave with no clerestory

59. Notre- Dame, la Grande, Poitiers, France, Barrel vault 1130-48

60. Notre-Dame, la Grande, Poitiers, France, 1130-48 Detail

61. Notre-Dame, la Grande, Poitiers, France, 1130-48 Detail

62. Notre-Dame, la Grande, Poitiers, France, 1130-48 Detail

63. San Miniato al Monte 1018 - 62 Florence Brick with Marble facing, typical material used in Italian churches in the Romanesque style

64. Floor Plan: San Miniato al Monte, Florence

65. Massive and long stretches of stone-works - characterizes Romanesque Architecture Ashlar for churches and roughstone on castles

66. The semicircular shape, round-headed arch and its extension, barrel vault borrowed from Ancient Roman Architecture are classic features of the Romanesque Church St. Sernin Toulouse, France Pilgrim church enroute to Santiago de Compostela 1080-1120 Tunnel-vaulted Nave

67. These rounded shapes are not only seen in three dimensional structures but can also be seen in the floor plans and decorations used during the period St. Sernin Toulouse, France 1080-1120

68. Worms Cathedral, Nave Germany c1016 The barrel vault is the structural basis of the Romanesque Architecture

69. Barrel vaults are heavy thus requiring massive walls and buttressing

70. Durham Cathedral, Interior Ribbed Vaults emphasizing the groins Naves or aisles are divided into square compartments by diaphragm arches

72. The workmanship of the masons on the roughstones on castles identifies the workshops where they were trained Skills in stonework are of great importance during this period Rochester Castle, Kent c.1130

73. Plain or carved masonry, few window openings are features that makes the Romanesque style fortress-like Rochester Castle, Kent c.1130

75. Tower Houses, San Gimignano, Italy Towers built by feuding families in Italian city states.

76. Tower Houses, San Gimignano, Italy Solid at the base with single apartments on the upper floors

77. Tower Houses, San Gimignano, Italy

78. Warning bell at the top

79. Coffee Break