2. Post-Reconstruction Backlash  Jim Crow segregation laws  Exodusters to Kansas  “Talented Tenth” move northward (NY, Chicago)

3. Plessy v. FergusonPlessy v. Ferguson  “separate but equal”

4. The Great MigrationThe Great Migration  Movement from rural South to urban North  Response to segregation and violence  Rise of urban ghettos

6. Violence in the NorthViolence in the North  Increased with the Great Migration  Spread of the KKK  Lynchings

12. The 1920s – Disillusionment

14. How to respond to segregation?

15. Booker T. WashingtonBooker T. Washington  Economic equality, social separation (aka The Atlanta Compromise)  Former slave  His advice to blacks: be the “most patient, faithful, law-abiding and unresentful people that the world has seen”  Confidential advisor to Theodore Roosevelt  Successes –  1904 – fought against exclusion of blacks from juries  1911 – Supreme Court ruling banning peonage (involuntary servitude for debt)

17. W.E.B. DuBoisW.E.B. DuBois  Black nationalism and immediate equality  Harvard educated  Professor of economics, history & sociology at Atlanta University  1905 – founded the Niagara Movement  1909 – founded the NAACP  Editor of The Crisis  Pan-Africanist  Joined the Communist Party in 1957 and in 1960 renounced his American citizenship and moved to Ghana

19. Marcus GarveyMarcus Garvey  Black nationalism  Self-pride, self-motivation, self-sufficiency  Racial separation – rejected assimilation & integration  Called for whites to leave Africa and for many Blacks to move to Africa  Died without ever going to Africa

21. UNIA  Encourage commercial & industrial pursuits  By the mid 1920s – 700 branches in 38 states  The Negro World (Garvey’s paper)  Liberty Hall  Black Star Line of Ships

22. Foreshadowing…