1. Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. DuBois: Two Paths to Ending Jim Crow

2. Supreme Court Ruling 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson
The Ruling: SEPARATE facilities were lawful as long as they were EQUAL.
Justice John Harlan, the lone dissenter wrote, “Our Constitution is color-blind.”
Supreme Court in 1896

3. Plessy v. Ferguson
The Result: Legalized Jim Crow Segregation until 1954 (Brown v. Board of Education)

4. Booker T. Washington 1856-1915 Born a slave in southwestern Virginia
Believed in vocational education for blacks
Founded Tuskegee Institute in Alabama
Believed in gradual equality
The slang term “Uncle Tom” is used in the African American or black community to describe someone who is perceived as overly ingratiating in interactions with white people. The term is meant to imply that the Uncle Tom is subservient and excessively deferential, behaving as someone of a lesser class or social status rather than treating whites as equals. Usually, this term is used as an insult. (definition from WiseGeek.com)
Accused of being an “Uncle Tom”
Received much white support
Wrote Up From Slavery (1901)

5. Home of Booker T. Washington, born in 1856

6. Autobiography “Up From Slavery”
"Even then I had a strong feeling that what our people most needed was to get a foundation in education, industry, and property, and for this I felt that they could better afford to strive than for political preferment."

7. Booker T. Washington
"Think about it: We went into slavery pagans; we came out Christians. We went into slavery pieces of property; we came out American citizens. We went into slavery with chains clanking about our wrists; we came out with the American ballot in our hands...Notwithstanding the cruelty and moral wrong of slavery, we are in a stronger and more hopeful condition, materially, intellectually, morally, and religiously, than is true of an equal number of black people in any other portion of the globe." - in Up From Slavery

8. Booker T. Washington
Outlined his views on race relations in a speech at the Cotton States and International Exposition in Atlanta – “Atlanta Compromise”
Felt that black people should work to gain economic security before equal rights
Believed black people will “earn” equality

9. Atlanta Compromise
“In all things that are purely social,” blacks and whites “can be as separate as the fingers, yet one as the hand in all things essential to mutual progress.”

10. Booker T. Washington
Developed programs for job training and vocational skills at Tuskegee Institute
Asked whites to give job opportunities to black people
Was popular with white leaders in the North and South

12. Booker T. Washington Was unpopular with many black leaders
Associated with leaders of the Urban League which emphasized jobs and training for blacks

13. Carpentry class at Tuskegee Institute (currently Tuskegee University)
From the collections of the Alabama Department of Archives and History

14. Senior class in Agricultural Education at Tuskegee Institute
From the collections of the Alabama Department of Archives and History

15. Tuskegee in 1901

16. W.E.B. DuBois
Born in 1868 in Great Barrington, Massachusetts
Well educated-First African American to receive
Ph.D. from Harvard
Wanted immediate equality between blacks and
whites
Wanted classical higher education for blacks
Wrote The Souls of Black Folk (1903)
The Niagara Movement – led to NAACP
For 25 years – Editor in Chief of the NAACP publication – The Crisis
Pan-Africanist “global African society”
Joins Communist party in 1961 at age 93
In 1963 at age 95 becomes citizen of Ghana

17. Dr. Du Bois (born in 1868) at Atlanta University

18. W.E.B. DuBois Views given in The Souls of Black Folks and The Crisis
Strongly opposed Booker T. Washington’s tolerance of segregation
Demanded immediate equality for blacks

19. The Souls of Black Folk
“So far as Mr. Washington apologizes for injustice, North or South, he does not rightly value the privilege and duty of voting, belittles the emasculating effects of caste distinction, and opposes the higher training and ambition for our brighter minds so far as he, the South, or the Nation, does this we must unceasingly and firmly oppose them.”

20. W.E.B. DuBois
Felt talented black students should get a classical education
Felt it was wrong to expect citizens to “earn their rights”
Founded the NAACP along with other black and white leaders

21. The Talented Tenth
Men of America, the problem is plain before you. Here is a race transplanted through the criminal foolishness of your fathers. Whether you like it or not the millions are here, and here they will remain. If you do not lift them up, they will pull you down. Education and work are the levers to uplift a people. Work alone will not do it unless inspired by the right ideals and guided by intelligence. Education must not simply teach work–it must teach Life. The Talented Tenth of the Negro race must be made leaders of thought and missionaries of culture among their people. No others can do this work and Negro colleges must train men for it. The Negro race, like all other races, is going to be saved by its exceptional men.