1. PRONUNCIATION OF THE ENDING – ED

2. -ED as a Verbal Ending The ending –ed of the past tense and the past participle of verbs is pronounced: The ending –ed of the past tense and the past participle of verbs is pronounced:

3. -ED as a Verbal Ending /Id/ after d and t: /Id/ after d and t: add - addedlift - lifted end -endedrest - rested defend - defendedwait - waited pretend - pretended

4. -ED as a Verbal Ending /t/ after voiceless sounds other than t: /t/ after voiceless sounds other than t: /p/ - dropped, wrapped /k/ - locked, marked /f/ - coughed, laughed /θ/ - bathed, toothed /s/ - danced, kissed, missed /∫/ - brushed, wished /t∫/ - pinched, watched

5. -ED as a Verbal Ending /d/ after voiced sounds other than d: /d/ after voiced sounds other than d: /i: / - guaranteed /I/ - worried, carried / ɑ :/ - barred, scarred / ɜ :/ - preferred, referred, /ə/ - answered, bothered / e I/- stayed, played

6. -ED as a Verbal Ending /d/ after voiced sounds other than d: /d/ after voiced sounds other than d: / b/ - disturbed, grabbed /g/ - begged, dragged /m/ - aimed, seemed /ð/ - clothed, bathed, mouthed /z/ - pleased, caused /l/ - called, killed

7. -ED as an Adjectival Ending the past participles of some verbs are used as adjectives. Then, a second syllable is added even if the base form does not end in a /t/ or /d/ sound, and the "-ed" ending will be pronounced as /id/. the past participles of some verbs are used as adjectives. Then, a second syllable is added even if the base form does not end in a /t/ or /d/ sound, and the "-ed" ending will be pronounced as /id/.

8. -ED as an Adjectival Ending The following -ed words used as adjectives are pronounced with /I d /: The following -ed words used as adjectives are pronounced with /I d /: aged blessed wicked wretched

9. -ED as an Adjectival Ending So we say: So we say: the aged man /Id/ a blessed nuisance /Id/ a wretched beggar - the beggar was wretched /Id/

10. -ED as an Adjectival Ending But when used as real verbs (past simple and past participle), the normal rules apply and we say: But when used as real verbs (past simple and past participle), the normal rules apply and we say: he aged quickly /d/ he blessed me /t/

11. -ED as an Adjectival Ending The exceptions doesn't apply to teaching pronunciation of English past tense verbs, just past participles when they are used as adjectives. The exceptions doesn't apply to teaching pronunciation of English past tense verbs, just past participles when they are used as adjectives.