1. VERB

2. WHAT IS VERB?
Expresses the action taken by the subject of the sentence
The taxi is going to Kuantan
Kamal often asks questions.
Some verb describe situation:
Ravindran likes video games
We know that drugs are dangerous.
Divided into 2 main clauses; lexical verbs & auxiliary verbs

3. 1. Most verbs describe actions 2. Some describe situations

4. LEXICAL VERBS Action verbs Action vs State
Represent both physical and mental activities (eat, run, hit, hate, think, jump)
Action vs State
Action: is something happening (buy, eat, run, etc)
State: something that stays the same – having an opinion and thinking (include, contain, need, understand, etc)
Jane went to bed. / Jane was tired
I’m buying a new briefcase. / I need a new briefcase.

5. Action verbs can be written in several forms
eat
ate
to eat
will have eaten
eats
was eating
may eat
must have eaten
am eating
were eating
should eat
should have eaten
is eating
has eaten
can eat
had been eating
are eating
have eaten
must eat
had eaten
shall eat
will eat

6. LEXICAL VERBS Linking verbs Introduces fact about a person/thing
Used to link the subject with the complement (adj / noun)
A linking verb is followed by a complement rather than an object.
The walls are green

7. TRANSITIVE VERB A verb that has an object is a transitive verb
A transitive verbs (V) requires and object (O), and the object comes after verb
Jasmine often buys food for her family.
The player blamed the shoes for his defeat.

8. TRANSITIVE VERB The obj. tells us who or what the action happens to
A transitive verbs must have an object or it will be incomplete sentence.
Jasmine often buys food for her family.

9. TRANSITIVE VERB
Some transitive verbs can have two objects – direct object and indirect object (IO usually comes before the DO)
Direct object – the thing you give or do for someone
Indirect object – person who receives the thing
Mum usually reads the children a story at bedtime.
Shall I get you a cup of coffee?

10. INTRANSITIVE VERB A verb that has no direct object or complement
We went for a long walk.
Don’t come in – I haven’t dressed yet,
Does not require an object
The beautiful actress smiled.
He laughed.

11. TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS
Many verbs can be used transitively and intransitively.
TRANSITIVE
INTRANSITIVE
Which pilot is flying this jet?
We lost the match.
Mum’s dressing the baby.
The eagle is flying in circles overhead.
We lost 4-5
Dad’s dressing in the bedroom.

12. AUXILIARY VERBS
Also called helping verb (to express continuous and completed action)
be and have
do + not to form negative statement
I do not tell lies
Verbs use do to perform question
Does your dad play golf?

13. AUXILIARY VERBS
Verb be is used with the –ing form (called present participle) of an ordinary verb to express continuous action
My friend were looking for accommodation.
Verb have is used with –ed form (called past participle) to express completed action
Somebody has moved the remote control.

14. GRAMMAR HELP
Notice that the verbs be, have and do can be lexical verbs as well as auxiliary verbs.
LEXICAL
AUXILIARY
I was late.
Aisya has dark brown eyes and black hair.
I did Exercise 2.
I was waiting for the bus.
Aisya has completed the task.
I did not finish Exercise 3.

15. Be verbs am is
are
was
were
been
being

16. Be verbs It is the most irregular verb in the English language.
It is normally a linking verb showing existence of the condition of the subject.
It can also be used as an auxiliary verb when forming the passive voice.

18. Present Form of Be verbs
to show the status or characteristics of something or someone, locate a situation or event in present time.
Example :
1) I am a pretty girl.
2) Oh gosh, he is cute.
3) We are UMP students.

19. Present Form of Be verbs
Negative statement
- form by adding “not”
Example:
1) They are not my friends.
2) He is not an orphan.
3) She is not here.

20. Past Form of Be verbs Negative statement - form by adding “not”
Example:
1) They were not UMP students.
2) He was not famous in Malaysia.
3) She was not here.

21. Continuous Forms of Be verbs
it describes actions that are or were still continuing - auxiliary verb be [+ ing form of the main verb].
For example ( Present Form ) :
1) I am learning English.
2) He is running in the field.
3) She is dancing on the stage.

22. For example ( Past Form ) :
1) I was learning English when she called me .
2) It was raining when we went to school.
3) She was dancing on the stage, the spot light suddenly went off.

23. Negative Form:
1) It was not raining when we went to school.
2) You were not listening to me when I told you to turn the oven off.
3) Sammy was not waiting for us when we got off the bus.

24. Passive Constructions of Be verbs
Subject + finite form of to be + Past Participle (3rd column of irregular verbs)
For Example:

25. Simple Question using Be verbs
Create simple question by using verbs to be.
Example:
1) Is your brother taller than you?
2) Am I bothering you?
3) Were they embarrassed by the comedian?

26. Overall

27. MODAL VERBS Also called modal auxiliary verbs
Shall, will, would, can, could, should, may, might, must
Function: is to add to the ordinary lexical verb a feeling of the action.

28. MODAL VERBS I shall contact you tomorrow. (planned)
You will like my cousin. (certain)
Dad may phone. (possible)
Dad must be delayed at the office. (likely)
You may start writing now. (allowed)
You must stop writing now. (compulsory)
You should keep a list of incoming calls. (advisable)

29. CHARATERISTICS OF MODAL VERBS
Combine with the base form of lexical verbs
Sally may call later.
Modal verbs do not add –s for the 3rd person singular
The baby can walk now.
Modal verb always keep the same form. However, some modal verbs use another modal verb as a past tense.
Can / could may / might
I can swim quite well now, but last year I couldn’t swim at all.

30. LIMITATION OF MODAL VERBS
They cannot combine with auxiliary verb or with other modals.
The baby will can walk soon.
They don’t form to-infinitives.
I want to can see my children.
You can ‘bypass’ the limitation by replacing modal verbs with other verbs or ‘modal combination’.
The baby will be able to walk soon
I want to be able to see my children.

31. CAPABILITIES OF MODAL VERBS
Can for questions and negative sentences:
Can you hear the cuckoo?
You must not take the criticism personally.
Modal verbs are use a lot in question tag:
You shouldn’t tell lies, should you?
You can text me later, can’t you?
Modal verbs have contracted forms and most have –ve contractions.
Can / Cannot / Can’t Could / Could not / Couldn’t