2. What do these words mean?

3. Polygons Polygamy Polyester Polymer….

4. A Polymer Here are some analogies to better understand what polymers and monomers are…. EXAMPLE of POLYMER MONOMER A TRAIN? A PEARL NECKLACE? Now you and a neighbor come up with 2 of your own!

5. Macromolecules  Large Molecules  Macromolecules are formed when monomers are linked together to form longer chains called polymers.  The same process of making and breaking polymers is found in all living organisms.

6.  Consider some generic monomers with OH groups on their ends.  These monomers can be linked together by a process called dehydration synthesis (also called a condensation reaction) in which a covalent bond is formed between the two monomers while a water molecule is also formed from the OH groups.dehydration synthesis condensation reactioncovalent bond  This reaction is catalyzed by a polymerase enzyme.  This same type of condensation reaction can occur to form many kinds of polymers, from proteins to carbohydrates, nucleic acids to triglycerides. carbohydratesnucleic acids Condensation Reaction

7. Hydrolysis Reactions  Polymers of all sorts can be broken apart by hydrolysis reactions. In hydrolysis the addition of a water molecule (with the help of a hydrolase enzyme) breaks the covalent bond holding the monomers together.hydrolysis reactions

8. Four major types of Macromolecules  Lipids  Carbohydrates  Nucleic Acids  Proteins

9. Diverse groups of molecules in nonpolymorphic form  Lipids  Carbohydrates  Nucleic Acids  Proteins Sugars Nucleotides Amino Acids Four major types of Macromolecules

10. Look at the label to the left. 3 of the 4 macromolecules can be found in foods. The 3 biochemical molecules found on a nutrition label are: 1____________________ 2____________________ 3____________________ (0 grams in this product) (13 grams in this product) (9 grams in this product)

11. Proteins  Proteins consist of one or more polymers called polypeptides, which are made by linking amino acids together with peptide linkages. Proteinspolymerspolypeptidesamino acids  Peptide linkages are formed through condensation reactions. Peptide linkages condensation reactions  All proteins are made from the same 20 amino acids.  Different amino acids have different chemical properties.

12. Proteins  Protein’s primary structure largely determines its secondary, tertiary (and quaternary) structure.primary structuresecondarytertiaryquaternary  Proteins subjected to extreme conditions (large changes in pH, high temperatures, etc.) often denature.

13. They are the major structural molecules in living things for growth and repair : muscles, ligaments, tendons, bones, hair, skin, nails…IN FACT ALL CELL MEMBRANES have protein in them They make up antibodies in the immune system They make up enzymes for speeding chemical reactions They makeup non-steriod hormones which THINK: Proteins= membranes, enzymes, antibodies, non- steriod hormones, structural molecules, “MEANS”

14. Proteins

15. Carbohydrates  Carbohydrates are always composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen molecules Carbohydrates  Monosaccharides typically have five or six carbon atoms. Monosaccharides  Monosaccharides can, such as the ribose and deoxyribose of RNA and DNA, can serve very important functions in cells. Ex. Glucose- blood sugar  Fructose- sugar in fruit

16. They are the main source for the body to gain energy. They are our fuel! They make up the cell wall in plants which allow them to grow tall, without this carbohydrate, a plant would be a mushy mess! This type of carbohydrate is called Cellulose. Monosaccharides are the monomers for the larger polysaccharides. PolysaccharidesPolysaccharides play various roles, from energy storage (starch, glycogen) to structure (cellulose).

17. Nucleic Acid  Two types of nucleic acids:nucleic acids DNA RNA  DNA stores the genetic information of organisms; RNA is used to transfer that information into the amino acid sequences of proteins.  DNA and RNA are polymers composed of subunits called nucleotides. nucleotides  Nucleotides consist of a five-carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base.  Five nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides: the purines  adenine (A)  guanine (G) the pyrimidines  cytosine (C)  thymine (T) (DNA only)  uracil (U) (RNA only)

18. Nucleic Acid  DNA is transmitted from generation to generation with high fidelity, and therefore represents a partial picture of the history of life.

19. Nucleic Acid

20. Lipids  Fatty acids, which make up fats and oils, can be saturated or unsaturated, depending on the absence or presence of double bonded carbon atoms. Fatty acids  Other types of lipids are used for a other purposes, including pigmentation (chlorophyll, carotenoids), repelling water (cutin, suberin, waxes) and signaling (cholesterol and its derivatives).

21. They are a great source of STORED ENERGY so we have it in the future. They INSULATE the body to maintain normal body temperature and they CUSHION the internal organs for protection. They produce hormones for the body called STERIODS They waterproof surfaces of animals,plants, and fruits- these are waxes!

22. Lipids  Triglyceride is composed of 3 fatty acid and 1 glycerol molecule  Long hydrocarbon chain of each fatty acid makes the triglyceride molecule nonpolar and hydrophobic

23. Lipids