1. CAROLINE MALTHUS TE PUNA AKO LEARNING CENTRE APA referencing

2. AREAS TO BE COVERED  What is referencing?  Why is referencing important?  How do we do APA referencing?  In text referencing  Reference list

3. WHAT IS REFERENCING? Referencing is a standard method of acknowledging the sources of information and ideas that you have used in your assignment.

4. Why is referencing needed? - To recognise another person's work - To help a reader locate sources - To demonstrate depth of study - To include experts’ ideas as support - To avoid 'plagiarism' (writing other people's ideas as if they were your own )

5. PLAGIARISM If students  “Cut and paste” information from internet  Copy sentences / paragraph / theme  Paraphrase too closely  Use another person’s work e.g. writing or research material  Copy another student’s assignment  Submit other people’s work (allow others or ask someone to do work for them)

6. Referencing in assessments  Evidence of thorough research  Range and use of resources  Critical understanding of ideas and concepts demonstrated  % marks for accurate referencing

7. Sources you will need to reference include:  books or chapters in books  journal or newspaper articles  conference papers  video or television excerpts  personal communications such as interviews, emails or letters  electronic sources such as web pages, journal articles from online databases, or software.

8. You don’t need a reference when you use..  general knowledge e.g. that the 2008 Olympics were held in Beijing  information that is common knowledge in your field e.g. that training is necessary before staff can use new software  ideas that are definitely your own, and findings or insights from your own research

9. APA referencing system In-text references : in sentences in the body of the assignment show where you’ve used ideas or words of an expert include name of author and year Reference List: on a separate page at the end of the assignment list of materials you have consulted in alphabetical order

11. In-text references can include:  Quoting - use the exact words of the author(s)  Paraphrasing - use the idea in your own words, express the main points of someone else's opinion, theory or information.

12. Quoting “academic success may be more a question of good strategy and of building upon experience rather than underlying intelligence"  copying exactly the words of the author(s). When quoting, use quotation marks around the author's words, “academic success may be more a question of good strategy and of building upon experience rather than underlying intelligence" (Cottrell, 2003, p. 134).  author's family name, year of publication, page number. For example (Cottrell, 2003, p. 134).

13. Link quotations into your text: As a well-known writer on study skills has observed “academic success may be more a question of good strategy and of building upon experience rather than underlying intelligence“ (Cottrell, 2003, p. 134). This means that students may be better to…

14. Integrating quotations into your text Cottrell (2003) makes the point that “academic success may be more a question of good strategy and of building upon experience rather than underlying intelligence“ (p. 134). This suggests that students need to develop appropriate strategies….

15. Exercise: quoting “Nurses realise they are accountable for their own standards of practice and professionalism” Philpott, N. (2005). Nurses as professionals. New York: Blackwell, p. 18.

16. Paraphrasing  putting someone else's ideas or information into your own words  you may also summarise, or outline only the key ideas, but it is important not to change the meaning of the original text  Paraphrases also need to be referenced

17. Example of paraphrase “However, successive waves of new immigrants from the early 1990s reinvigorated many traditions. Chinese New Year and the mid-autumn festival, for example, have become popular celebrations drawing huge crowds of Chinese and other New Zealanders. Some events, like the lantern festival and the dragon boat race, are now widely popular among other New Zealanders, especially the young” (Ip, 2007, para. 2). Ip (2007) comments that the celebration of Chinese festivals has become popular with many New Zealanders, whether of Chinese background or not.

18. Introducing paraphrases: examples:  Smith and Ngawai (2005) point out that …  Jones (2005) believes that …  Mason (2005) defines ‘culture shock’ as...  Milton, Robbins and Schneider (2004) asks whether…  Reid (1996) concludes that..  According to Lealofi (2001) ….  A study by Jones (2001) shows that...  Sanders (1999) states that …

19. In- text referencing: Paraphrasing: - ideas of experts in your own words - show your own understanding of the writer’s ideas - NEED REFERENCES - (Cottrell, 2003). - Use most Paraphrasing: - ideas of experts in your own words - show your own understanding of the writer’s ideas - NEED REFERENCES - (Cottrell, 2003). - Use most Quotation - exact copied chunks of text from experts - NEED REFERENCES (Cottrell, 2003, p. 134). - Use least <20% Quotation - exact copied chunks of text from experts - NEED REFERENCES (Cottrell, 2003, p. 134). - Use least <20% © Unitec New Zealand 19

20. End of sentence examples: ... according to Jones (2001). ... as Smith (2002) has stated.

21. For 3 or more authors, cite all the first time, then put first author and et al. :  "The use of portfolios with assessment criteria based on job selection criteria could be used in any professional field" (Curtain, Foxwell, Golds, Macionis, Moyle & Paget, 2002, p. 56).  As mentioned earlier (Curtain et al., 2002), the portfolios could...

22. Using secondary sources To quote something quoted or paraphrased from another work: Change in business practice is essential because, "the pressure to re-examine the ethical basis of our lives is upon us in a way that it never has been before" (Singer, 1993, p. 4, as cited in Dalton, 1996, p. 180).

23. From a newspaper, put author, year of publication and page number:  "Politicians have rejected a proposed new law which would have... " (Tunnah, 2003, p. B1). If the author is unknown: -for a newspaper article, cite the title of article, year and page number: "Investors were put off by a resurgence in bond yields that could choke the US economic recovery" ("Bonds bounce back", 2003, p. C4).

24. When a group is an "author", cite full name of organisation: "Blindness in people with diabetes can occur suddenly with no warning" (Ministry of Health, 2003, p. 1). With this in mind, more needs to be done to address the issue of...

25. Personal communications  A personal communication can be a letter, memo, email, fax, an interview, an informal conversation, telephone call or a lecture presentation.  They are included as an in-text reference but not put in the reference list.

26. When referencing a personal communication:  obtain permission of person in order to quote them  give the communicator's initials and surname  include the type of communication in the in-text reference  give the exact date of the communication - day, month and year.

27. Examples:  According to a personal source, the best method for learning programming is … (G. Thomas, personal communication, 5 March 2007).  In an email communication on 4 February, 2007, A. S. outlined....  In a lecture for Applied Data Management (ISC 5500) presented on 19 April, 2007 at Unitec, New Zealand, Dr. C. Smart suggested...

28. The Reference List

29. Tamblin, L., & Ward, P. (2006). The smart study guide: Psychological techniques for student success. Malden, MA: Blackwell. Cottrell, S. (2008). The study skills handbook (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan. Barks, D., & Watts, P. (2001). Textual borrowing strategies for graduate-level ESL writers. In D. Belcher & A. Hirvela (Eds.), Linking literacies: Perspectives on L2 reading-writing connections (pp. 246-267). Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.

31. Evaluating Sources How would you rate these sources of information in terms of reliability? Very reliable Reliable Not Reliable Article in The New Zealand Herald Netguide (monthly magazine) article Statistics New Zealand website Encarta CDROM Encyclopaedia Article taken from the Internet, 1999, no author IT textbook, published 2004 PC shop website, no date Article published in Journal of Information Systems, 2005 Article in the PC World magazine, 2006 http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/webeval/webeval_start.htm

32. Referencing Electronic Sources  electronic books  electronic journal articles  CD-ROMs  World Wide Web site or page/s  document on World Wide Web  electronic databases, either on CD-ROM or accessed through the internet  software  email  bulletin boards, discussion groups, listserves  theses

33. A reference of an Internet source should provide:  Whenever possible, the authors of a document (surnames or organisation name)  a date of publication or most recent update  a document title  the web address (http://www...............

34. The components of a URL are as follows  Track back through the URL to find the organisation / author

35. Journal Articles from Internet: Lassen, S., Steele, M. & Sailor, W. (2006). The relationship of school-wide positive behaviour support to academic achievement. Psychology in the Schools, 34, 701-712. doi: 10.1002/pits.20177 Sillick, T. & Schutte, N. (2006). Emotional intelligence, self-esteem and adult happiness. E-journal of Applied Psychology, 2(2), 38-48. Retrieved from http://ojs.lib.swin.edu.au/index.php/ejap

36. References depend on source type Print version: Orsman, B. & Vaughan, G. (2005, June 21). Rat blamed for latest Telecom blackout. The New Zealand Herald, p. A3. Electronic version from the internet Orsman, B. & Vaughan, G. (2005, June 21). Rat blamed for latest Telecom blackout. The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved from http://www.nzherald.co.nz/index.cfm?c_id=1& ObjectID=10331826

37. Reference lists 1. In pairs or groups of 3, match headings to the appropriate entry 2. In same groups, put all the elements of an entry into the correct order 3. Put all the entries into the correct alphabetical order

38. Finding referencing information in webpages http://www.edchange.org/multicultural/index.html

39. Web source, no date Wikipedia (n.d.). Social justice. Retrieved August 3, 2009, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_justic e http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_justic e Plunket. (n.d.). Maori child health. Retrieved July 27, 2009 from http://www.plunket.org.nz/about-us/maori- child-health 

40. Report / Document available on institutional or corporate website Chou, L., McClintock, R., Moretti, F., & Nix, D. H. (1993). Technology and education: New wine in new bottles: Choosing pasts and imagining educational futures. Retrieved from http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/publications/papers/ne wwine1.html

41. Exercise: reference list Look at the example you’ve got:  What type of reference is it?  Which model does it follow?  Write out the reference: Check for:  Order of information  Completeness of information  Punctuation  Correct use of italics Check with someone else and with the master list

42. Useful links for referencing: http://www.cite.auckland.ac.nz/index.php FAQsFAQs on APA style website http://www.apastyle.org http://www.unitec.ac.nz/library2/help/citations.htm Perrin, R. (2009). Pocket guide to APA style. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Unitec Moodle: Te Puna Ako Learning Centre