1. Chapter 13 Working with Sources

2. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.13 | 2 Chapter overview Looks at how researchers use sources Examines how to integrate sources by paraphrasing, summarizing, and quoting Covers MLA and APA documentation styles and in-text citations Looks at how to format entries for Works Cited (MLA) and References (APA)

3. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.13 | 3 Five ways writers use sources To support a position, analysis, or interpretation To assess the uses of limits of an analysis or interpretation

4. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.13 | 4 Five ways, continued To apply a concept to a new case or situation To change the terms of a debate To uncover an enabling assumption and its consequences

5. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.13 | 5 What is plagiarism? Presenting someone else’s ideas or words as your own. Some people do it on purpose, while others do it out of ignorance. Occurs through cheating, copying, and copying patterns

6. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.13 | 6 Avoid plagiarism: cite sources! No matter how you use a source (book, magazine article, Web site, interview), you need to let your reader know that it isn’t your idea. Identify the author, if known. There are two ways this is done: in-text and at the end of the paper.

7. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.13 | 7 Three ways to integrate sources Paraphrasing Summarizing Quoting

8. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.13 | 8 Summarizing To summarize something is to select key ideas and then present a brief, condensed version of the original source, see page 444.

9. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.13 | 9 Paraphrasing Paraphrasing means to restate in your own words, not omitting any ideas of the original text. The purpose is to simplify and clarify. A paraphrase is often as long, if not longer, than the original text. See pages 444-445.

10. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.13 | 10 Quoting To use a direct quote is to duplicate “the exact words as they appear in the original” (445). Note that the text also says to use them sparingly, and it’s better to use a shorter quote than a longer one.

11. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.13 | 11 Two kinds of quotes Short quotes (words or phrases) can be inserted into your own sentence. You should still indicate the quoted portion with quotation marks. Long quotes are more than four lines. Skip the quotation marks and indent 10 spaces from the left.

12. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.13 | 12 Fitting quotes to your sentences To shorten a quote, use ellipses to get rid of material not needed for your purposes, see pages 446-447. Use brackets to make small changes to supply a word or clarify the meaning, as shown on page 447. See more examples, pages 446-448.

13. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.13 | 13 Cite the author Whether you summarize, quote or paraphrase a source, you need to identify, or cite, the author by name. You can signal this several ways: Brown points out… Brown states: According to Brown,

14. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.13 | 14 Using quotes effectively See pages 448-451 for four questions to use during work revisions as guidelines when considering using quotations.

15. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.13 | 15 Two documentation styles MLA Modern Language Association Used for English, literature, and humanities papers (Post 125) APA American Psychological Association Used for psychology & sociology papers Also called author/year style. (Post, 2002, p. 125)

16. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.13 | 16 MLA MLA—Modern Language Association Internal citation has the author’s name and page number (Post 43). For the Works Cited entry, include this information: author’s name, title, page, publication source, and year. The chapter has examples of how to document different kinds of sources.

17. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.13 | 17 APA American Psychological Association Includes all of the same information, but puts the year after the author’s name in parentheses. Post (2002) Refer to the chapter for numerous specific examples of how to document different kinds of sources.

18. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.13 | 18 Sample in-text citations Parenthetical citations are also called in-text citations, using parentheses. See pages 451-455 for examples of MLA- and APA-style in-text citations side by side.

19. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.13 | 19 In-text citations in MLA This means that when you use a source, you should identify it within the text. Here is an example of an in-text citation. According to Dr. Smith, half of all students procrastinate writing papers (34). Smith is the author, and the statement about students’ procrastination is on page 34.

20. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.13 | 20 MLA in-text citations, cont. The citation is the material in parentheses; as noted, this is where the information can be found. The author is already known. If the author is not mentioned, you should include him or her in the parentheses. Half of all students procrastinate (Smith 34).

21. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.13 | 21 APA citations Here is that same citation in APA style. According to Dr. Smith (2002), half of all students procrastinate writing papers (p. 34). If the author isn’t named, here’s the entry: Half of all students procrastinate writing papers (Smith, 2002, p. 34).

22. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.13 | 22 List of sources at the end MLA—Works Cited APA—References Both systems put the items into alphabetical order, using the authors’ last names. If there is no author, use the first word of the title (but do not use articles, such as a, an, or the).

23. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.13 | 23 Formatting entries for the Works Cited and References Books—pages 455-460 Articles in periodicals—pages 460-462 Online and electronic sources—pages 462-466 This includes magazines, journals, and newspapers. Miscellaneous sources—pages 466-467

24. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.13 | 24 Student Companion Website Go to the student side of the Web site for exercises, chapter overviews, and links to writing resources for this chapter: http://college.hmco.com/pic/trimbur4e