1. Chapter 11 Instructional Methods

2. Instructional Methods
Definition
Techniques or approaches that the teacher uses to bring the learner in contact with the content to be learned

3. Instructional Methods
Lecture
Group Discussion
One-to-One Instruction
Role-playing
Self-instruction
Demonstration
Return Demonstration
Gaming
Simulation
Role-modeling

4. Lecture
Definition
An instructional method in which the teacher verbally transmits information directly to groups of learners for the purpose of education. It is highly structured.

5. Lecture Advantages Limitations Cost effective Targets large groups
Useful for cognitive domain learning
Limitations
Not individualized
Passive learners

6. Group Discussion Definition
An instructional method in which learners are together to exchange information, feelings, and opinions with each other and the teacher to achieve educational objectives

7. Group Discussion Advantages Limitations
Stimulates sharing of ideas and emotions
Active learners
Useful for cognitive and affective domains of learning
Limitations
Shy member does not participate
Dominant member overwhelms the group
Highly diverse groups may have difficulty interacting

8. One-to-One Instruction
Definition
An instructional method in which the teacher delivers personally designed instruction to a learner.

9. One-to-One Instruction
Advantages
Active learner
Tailored to individual’s needs and goals
Useful for all three learning domains
Limitations
Can be expensive because it is labor intensive
Isolates learner

10. Demonstration Definition
An instructional method in which the learner is shown by the teacher how to perform a particular skill

11. Demonstration Advantages Limitations
Previews exact skill for the learner
Useful for psychomotor domain learning
Limitations
May be expensive because all learners need to easily visualize skill. This requires use of technology or small groups.

12. Return Demonstration Definition
An instructional method in which the learner attempts to perform a skill with cues from the teacher as needed

13. Return Demonstration Advantages Limitations Active learner
Individual guidance
Useful for psychomotor domain learning
Limitations
Viewing individual performance is labor intensive

14. Gaming
Definition
An instructional method requiring the learner to participate in a competitive activity with preset rules to achieve an educational objective

15. Gaming Advantages Limitations Active learner
Perceived as “fun” by many learners
Useful for all three domains of learning
Limitations
Too competitive for some learners

16. Simulation Definition
An instructional method requiring creation of a hypothetical or artificial experience to engage the learner in an activity that reflects real-life conditions without the risk-taking consequences of an actual experience

17. Simulation Advantages Limitations Labor intensive Active learners
Practice “reality” in a safe setting
Useful for cognitive and psychomotor domains of learning
Limitations
Labor intensive
Costs of equipment

18. Role-Playing Definition
An instructional method where learners participate in an unrehearsed dramatization to elicit their feelings to achieve affective domain objectives

19. Role-Playing Advantages Limitations Active learner
Develops “understanding” of others
Useful for affective domain learning
Limitations
Learner can exaggerate or under-develop the role

20. Role-Modeling Definition
An instructional method in which the teacher “models” or exhibits behaviors that the learner may imitate or adopt as he or she is socialized into a role. Learning from role-modeling is called identification and emanates from socialization theories.

21. Role-Modeling Advantages Limitations
Helps with socialization into role
Useful for affective domain learning
Limitations
Requires rapport between teacher and learner

22. Self-Instruction Definition
An instructional method to provide activities that guide the learner in independently achieving the educational objectives

23. Self-Instruction Advantages Limitations Self-paced Cost-effective
Consistent
Useful for cognitive domain learning
Limitations
Learner may procrastinate
Requires literacy

24. Factors in Selection of Instructional Methods
What are the predetermined objectives?
What are the characteristics of the targeted audience?
What resources are available?
What are the teacher’s strengths and limitations?

25. Evaluation of Instructional Methods
Did learners achieve their objectives?
Was the activity accessible to targeted learners?
Were available resources used efficiently?
Did the method accommodate the learner’s needs, abilities, and style?
Was the approach cost-effective?

26. Creative Techniques to Enhance Verbal Presentations
Enthusiasm
Humor
Risk-taking
Drama
Problem-solving
Role-modeling
Anecdotes
Technology

27. General Principles for All Teachers
Give positive reinforcement.
Project acceptance/sensitivity.
Be organized, give direction.
Elicit and provide feedback.
Use questioning.
Know your audience.
Use repetition.
Summarize key points.

28. Instructional Settings
Healthcare setting
Health-related setting
Nonhealthcare setting

29. Sharing Resources
Nurses in each of the setting types can establish a health education committee to coordinate health education programming, ensure effective use of resources, and avoid duplication of efforts.