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Teaching Methods Chapters 7 and 8 Instructors and Their Jobs and additional resources.

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Presentation on theme: "Teaching Methods Chapters 7 and 8 Instructors and Their Jobs and additional resources."— Presentation transcript:

1 Teaching Methods Chapters 7 and 8 Instructors and Their Jobs and additional resources

2 Communication Skills Elements of communication Elements of communication –Communicator  Ability to select and use meaningful symbols  Attitudes toward self, subject, and receivers  Wealth of current, accurate, and stimulating info –Symbols –Receiver

3 Communication Techniques Language Language Voice control Voice control –Pitch –Rate –Volume –Clarity Bodily actions Bodily actions Eye contact Eye contact

4 Questioning Enhance learning process Enhance learning process Requires practice Requires practice Most demand mere fact recall Most demand mere fact recall Two-way communication Two-way communication

5 Purposes of Questioning Get and maintain interest Get and maintain interest Stimulate critical thinking Stimulate critical thinking Check for understanding and mastery Check for understanding and mastery Evaluate and summarize teaching Evaluate and summarize teaching Distribute opportunity for participation Distribute opportunity for participation Stimulate interaction Stimulate interaction Determine student attitudes Determine student attitudes Develop subject Develop subject

6 Characteristics of Effective Questioning Purposeful Purposeful Clear and concise Clear and concise Related to objectives Related to objectives Challenging – beyond knowledge level Challenging – beyond knowledge level Limited to one idea Limited to one idea Appropriate timing Appropriate timing Changes students’ roles from passive to active Changes students’ roles from passive to active

7 Types of Questions Direct Direct Overhead Overhead Reverse Reverse Relay Relay Knowledge Knowledge Comprehension Comprehension Application Application Analysis Analysis Synthesis Synthesis Evaluation Evaluation

8 Technique for Questioning Ask aloud to entire class Ask aloud to entire class Pause and look around (wait time) Pause and look around (wait time) Call on one student Call on one student Listen carefully and attentively Listen carefully and attentively Respond to response Respond to response –If correct, emphasize it –If incorrect, call on other or ask question

9 We Learn... 10% of what we read 10% of what we read 20% of what we hear 20% of what we hear 30% of what we see 30% of what we see 50% of what we both see and hear 50% of what we both see and hear 70% of what is discussed with others 70% of what is discussed with others 80% of what we experience personally 80% of what we experience personally 95% of what we TEACH to someone else 95% of what we TEACH to someone else  William Glasser

10 Lecture/Presentation Advantages –Time –Person power –Supplement Disadvantages –Limited participation –Not suitable for skills –Difficult to assess progress –Difficult to keep attention Techniques Use outline Use outline Use visual aids Use visual aids Emphasize key points Emphasize key points Utilize stories to support Utilize stories to support Encourage student interaction Encourage student interaction Use communication techniques Use communication techniques

11 Guided Discussion Advantages –Active participation –Effective thinking –Reinforce learning –Better solutions Disadvantages –Time –Stay on track –Participation –Background Techniques Preparation Preparation Topic Topic Objective Objective Homework Homework Lead-off questions Lead-off questions Three parts Three parts Atmosphere Atmosphere

12 Discussion Guidelines Consider goals Consider goals Consider experience and development of students Consider experience and development of students Study issues Study issues Orient students to objective Orient students to objective Provide supportive environment Provide supportive environment Provide information when necessary Provide information when necessary Review, summarize, or weave opinions and facts Review, summarize, or weave opinions and facts

13 Small-Group Suggestions Monitor activity Monitor activity Ensure background knowledge is sufficient Ensure background knowledge is sufficient Plan for relatively short discussions Plan for relatively short discussions Give precise directions Give precise directions

14 Performance Advantages –Individual guidance –Apply principles –Reinforce learning Disadvantages –Time consuming –Storage –Expensive equipment Techniques Techniques –Simple to complex –Procedure sheets –Realistic –Questioning –Evaluation

15 Inquiry/Problem-Based Learning Discovery through data collection and hypotheses testing Discovery through data collection and hypotheses testing Common steps: Common steps: –Identify and clarify problem –Form hypotheses –Collect data –Analyze and interpret data to test hypotheses –Draw conclusions

16 Practice and Drills Practice Going over material just learned Going over material just learned Clarify and emphasize Clarify and emphasize Spread out over time Spread out over time Conduct in context Conduct in contextDrills Repeating information Repeating information Useful for learning that needs to be retained long-term Useful for learning that needs to be retained long-term

17 Reviews Look at topic another time Look at topic another time Involves re-teaching Involves re-teaching Reinforces previously learned material Reinforces previously learned material

18 Guided Practice Seatwork Seatwork –Circulate –Have short contact with individuals Teacher-led practice Teacher-led practice –Drill –Question and answer sessions Student cooperative practice Student cooperative practice –Help one another during seatwork

19 Projects, Reports and Problems Activities: Activities: –Research reports –Case studies –Problem-based learning Reporting: Reporting: –Display –Act out –Computer-generated report –Panel discussions –Written materials

20 Cooperative Learning Teacher presents problem or task Teacher presents problem or task Students work among themselves Students work among themselves Students help one another Students help one another Students praise or criticize one another Students praise or criticize one another Receive group performance score Receive group performance score

21 Cooperative Learning Elements Positive interdependence Positive interdependence Face-to-face interaction Face-to-face interaction Individual accountability Individual accountability Interpersonal and small-group skills Interpersonal and small-group skills Group processing Group processing

22 Informal Groups Short-term Short-term Usually take place after lectures Usually take place after lectures Think-Pair-Share Think-Pair-Share Round Robin Round Robin

23 Formal Groups Carefully designed Carefully designed Student Teams—Achievement Divisions Student Teams—Achievement Divisions Teams—Games—Tournament Teams—Games—Tournament Team Accelerated Instruction Team Accelerated Instruction Jigsaw Jigsaw Learning Together Learning Together

24 Panels and Debates Group becomes informed on topic Group becomes informed on topic Present information to class Present information to class Interact in discussion Interact in discussion Panel Panel Symposium Symposium Task force Task force Debate Debate

25 Role Playing Students act our situation or idea Students act our situation or idea Teacher facilitates follow-up discussion Teacher facilitates follow-up discussion Helps understanding of perspectives Helps understanding of perspectives Used to clarify attitudes and concepts Used to clarify attitudes and concepts Usually done spontaneously Usually done spontaneously Can be time consuming Can be time consuming Students may not be serious Students may not be serious

26 Simulations Model real-life environment Model real-life environment Assume roles, make decisions, face consequences Assume roles, make decisions, face consequences Benefit from seeing others’ behavior Benefit from seeing others’ behavior

27 Games Competition to achieve learning goal Competition to achieve learning goal Teach problem solving and decision making Teach problem solving and decision making


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