1. Church Reform and the Crusades
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2. Church Reform and the Crusades
The Catholic Church launches Crusades against Muslims.

3. Chronology The First Crusade: 1147-1148 The Second Crusade: 1147-1148
Salahuddin Regains Jerusalem: 1187
Third Crusade:
Fourth Crusade: (Sacking Constantinople)
Two other Crusades strike Egypt, but fail
Children’s Crusade: 1212
Spanish Crusade: (Inquisition)

4. Reform and Church Organization
Starting in the 1100s, popes reorganize the Church like a kingdom
Pope’s advisors make Church laws; diplomats travel throughout Europe
Church collects tithes; uses money to care for sick or poor
“Peasants paying tithes” (17th century) school of Pieter Brueghel the Younger

5. The Crusades: The Beginning 1093
Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos who asked Pope Urban II for help (left)
In 1093, Byzantine emperor asks for help fighting the Turks
Pope Urban II issues a call for a Crusade—a “holy war”
Artistic depiction of Pope Urban II (left), and him preaching the First Crusade (right)

6. Goals of the Crusades Pope wants to reclaim Jerusalem
Kings use Crusades to send away knights who cause trouble
Younger sons hope to earn land or win glory by fighting (although historian Rodney Stark in God’s Battalions: The Case for the Crusades disagrees with that theory because the first three crusades were led by the heads of the royal families of Europe).
Later, merchants join Crusades to try to gain wealth through trade.

7. The First Crusade

8. First Crusade:
Pope promises Crusaders who die a place in heaven
First Crusade: three armies gather at Constantinople in 1097
Crusaders capture Jerusalem in 1099
Captured lands along coast divided into four Crusader states

9. People’s Crusade/ First Crusade
Peter the Hermit went around preaching and asked people to march with him to Jerusalem. Majority of the people were unarmed. Most of them died and they turned back.
Meanwhile an army formed in South France.
Count Raymond led the volunteers from Provence France.
Godfrey of Bouillon led the Rhine lands.
Normandy was led by William, Robert the conquror’s son.
Northern Italy was led by Bohemond.

10. Jerusalem
The reason of the first crusade was to regain the Holy land and Jerusalem from the Muslims

11. The Second Crusade

12. Second Crusade:
Left: an artistic representation of Saladin
Muslims take back Edessa in 1144; Second crusade fails to retake it
In 1187, Saladin—Muslim leader and Kurdish warrior—retakes Jerusalem
Right: Saladin the Victorious by Gustave Dore

13. 2nd Crusade
Everyone went to Constantinople on their own time. The army left with 700,000 men and 100,000 were knights. They went down the Mediterranean coast. One of the battles on the way to Jerusalem was the siege of Antioch. They lost 75% of their men in Antioch. When they finally reached Jerusalem, the army failed to take Jerusalem on the first attempt but succeeded on the second. Once in Jerusalem they killed the majority of the Muslims there and they looted all the houses.

14. The Second Crusade The Second Crusade took place between 1145-1149
It was formally announced by Pope
Eugene III
Was the first Crusade to be led by European Kings from France and Germany

15. The Second Crusade Downfall
With this ill advised attack on the city of Damascus, the crusaders lost a lot of men and it was a huge success for the Muslims
This ultimately gave key influence
to the fall of Jerusalem and give
rise to the third Crusade in the 12th century

16. Saladin (Salahuddin): 1187
In 1187, Saladin—Muslim leader and Kurdish warrior—retakes Jerusalem
Above: an artistic representation of Saladin
Left: Saladin the Victorious by Gustave Dore

17. The Third Crusade

18. The Third Crusade:
The Third Crusade was led by three powerful rulers
Frederick I “Barbarossa” of the Holy Roman Empire (Germany)
Phillip II of France
Richard I of England—”The Lion-Hearted”

19. The Third Crusade One is Richard the Lion-Hearted (king of England)
The Robin Hood stories and legends often surround Richard I returning from the Third Crusade.
19th-century portrait of Richard by Merry-Joseph Blondel

20. The Third Crusade
Phillip II of France abandons Crusade after arguing with Richard
The argument was over Richard breaking off an engagement with Phillip’s sister.

21. The Third Crusade
Frederick I of Germany (Holy Roman Empire) drowns during the journey
Above: A depiction of Frederick I drowning in the Saleph River in Turkey from the Saxon Chronicle.

22. The Third Crusade
In 1192 Richard and Saladin make peace after many battles
Saladin keeps Jerusalem but allows Christian pilgrims to enter the city

23. THE THIRD CRUSADE Lasted between 1189-1192
It was also known as the kings Crusade
The Crusade was an attempt to take back the holy land, it was largely successful but fell short of its final goal

24. The Fourth Crusade The Crusading Spirit Dwindles
The Crusading Spirit Dwindles
Crusaders sack Constantinople in 1204

25. The Crusading Spirit Dwindles: The Later Crusades
Fourth Crusade ( )
Crusaders sack the Christian city Zara and are excommunicated by the pope for it.
The Venetian leadership keeps their excommunication a secret. Then Crusaders sack Constantinople in 1204
Two other Crusades strike Egypt, but fail to weaken the Muslims
Looting of Constantinople, painting by Eugene Delacroix, 1840

26. The Children’s Crusade
1212
In 1212 thousands of children possibly die or are enslaved in a failed crusade.

27. The Children’s Crusade
The traditional story says that in 1212 thousands of children possibly die or are enslaved in a failed crusade.
But these stories are surrounded by legend and fiction. The fact that this really happened is disputed.
The Children’s Crusade by Gustave Doré
This event may very well merely be a legend embellished over time.

28. Two Stories about the Children’s Crusade
Leader: Nicholas
Country: Germany
Purpose: intended to lead a crusade to convert the Muslims to Christianity by the preaching of children. Nicholas promised a miracle that the waters of the Mediterranean would divide so they could walk to the Holy Land.
Result: A following of about 7,000 people, both adults and children arrive in Genoa, Italy after preaching a crusade throughout Germany and crossing the Alps. The waters did not divide. The movement continues to Rome but begins to break up. The Pope instructs the group to return home. Nicholas does not survive the return home.
Leader: Stephen
Country: France
Purpose: He claims Jesus appeared to him and gave him a letter for the king of France.
Result: Phillip II, king of France is unimpressed. Stephen, however, continues to preach and tries to lead a group to Marseilles. It seems like many surviving youths returned to their families.

29. Christians fight: Reconquista—drive Muslims from Spain, 1100-1492
The Spanish Crusade
Christians fight: Reconquista—drive Muslims from Spain,

30. A Spanish Crusade Most of Spain controlled by Muslim people
Christians fight: Reconquista—drive Muslims from Spain,
Spain has Inquisition—court to suppress heresy; expels non-Christians
Inquisition scene of people accused of heresy being tortured.

31. The Effects of the Crusades
Crusades show power of Church in convincing thousands to fight
Women who stay home manage the estate and business affairs
Merchants expand trade, bring back many goods from Southwest Asia
Failure of later crusades weakens pope and nobles, strengthens kings
Crusades create lasting bitterness between Muslims and Christians

32. Thank you
May God Bless you