1. Canada in the World Chapter 9

2. After WWII  At the end of the war, the horrors from it made people say “Never again!”  Canadians joined alliances with other countries to protect itself from another war.  Canada helped form and joined the UN (United Nations) on June 26, 1945.  United Nations Website United Nations Website United Nations Website

3. The Cold War  After the war, a new struggle emerged in the world.  The world became divided essentially into 2 groups of ideology (different values and ideas)  The Allies (Canada, US, Great Britain, and other Western European countries) believed in a democratic political system and capitalist economic system  The USSR and their allies (other communist countries of Eastern Europe) who believed in a totalitarian political system and a communist economic system

4. What’s the difference? Democratic System - Free and fair elections among two or more political parties - Personal freedoms Capitalist System - Private ownership of business and industry, which operate for profit Totalitarian System - Control over only one political party - Devoted to empowering working people Communist System - Government ownership or control of business and industry

5. The Cold War  There were no attacks on the enemy’s homeland  No bombing, no tank battles  Instead, it was a war of words and threats  Each side believed that its own political and economic system was superior to the others’ and should be spread around the world.  Each side was determined to prevent the spread of the rival system.  This “War” lasted until 1989

6. Reason #1: Occupation  Soviet troops remained in countries they had helped liberate after the war ended.  Stalin set up “pro-Soviet” governments in countries like Poland, Albania, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Romania.  He did the same in East Germany as well

7. Reason #1 Continued  The US and its allies disagreed with his move.  Countries should have democratic and capitalist systems.  Stalin’s takeover was viewed as a threat to peace and security  They saw it as proof that the Soviet Union was trying to expand its power.

8. Reason #2: The Iron Curtain  This is a phrase that became widely used to describe the division of the world into two hostile camps during the Cold War  This happened as a result of the Soviet Union feeling they needed protection against the US and its allies  Suffered 2 previous invasions (France 1812 and Germany 1941)  They created a “buffer zone” or satellite states on the western border of Europe.

11. Reason #3: Arms Race  The race to develop more sophisticated weapons (nuclear weapons)  It caused a lot of fear and paranoia between the two superpowers  The Snowball Effect

12. Hot Spots in the Cold War  Berlin 1948-1949 After WWII, Germany was split between the Allies (France, Britain, US) and USSR After WWII, Germany was split between the Allies (France, Britain, US) and USSR Berlin, the capital, was located in the Soviet zone. The Soviets wanted the westerners to leave the city Berlin, the capital, was located in the Soviet zone. The Soviets wanted the westerners to leave the city They placed a blockade on goods coming into the city for westerners They placed a blockade on goods coming into the city for westerners The Soviets eventually lifted the ban in May, 1949. The Soviets eventually lifted the ban in May, 1949.

13. More Hot Spots  Hungary 1956 The country had been under Communist rule and decided for a more liberal government The country had been under Communist rule and decided for a more liberal government The Soviets sent in troops to crush the resistance The Soviets sent in troops to crush the resistance

14. More Hot Spots  Cuba 1962 A communist country, the US supported an invasion of Cuba by Cuban exile. It failed. It became known as the “Bay of Pigs” A communist country, the US supported an invasion of Cuba by Cuban exile. It failed. It became known as the “Bay of Pigs” Soon after, Cuba began building nuclear missiles sites Soon after, Cuba began building nuclear missiles sites The US ordered a quarantine of Cuba to prevent Soviet Ships from delivering the missiles The US ordered a quarantine of Cuba to prevent Soviet Ships from delivering the missiles The US threatened war The US threatened war The Soviets finally retreated and the US promised not to invade Cuba. The Soviets finally retreated and the US promised not to invade Cuba. It is referred to as the Cuban Missile Crisis It is referred to as the Cuban Missile Crisis

15. More Hot Spots  Vietnam 1963-1975 After the war, France attempted to re-establish its colonial control over Vietnam. After the war, France attempted to re-establish its colonial control over Vietnam. The Vietnamese fought and beat France The Vietnamese fought and beat France It was divided into North Vietnam and South Vietnam It was divided into North Vietnam and South Vietnam In an attempt to reunite the entire country, North Vietnam invaded South Vietnam in 1963 In an attempt to reunite the entire country, North Vietnam invaded South Vietnam in 1963 The US stepped in, sending advisors and troops to help South Vietnam The US stepped in, sending advisors and troops to help South Vietnam 543 000 troops were sent 543 000 troops were sent The US was unable to win the war The US was unable to win the war It became very unpopular, with many anti-war protests being held in the US It became very unpopular, with many anti-war protests being held in the US The US finally withdrew from Vietnam in 1975 The US finally withdrew from Vietnam in 1975

16. More Hot Spots  Czechoslovakia 1968 This country, originally a Soviet satellite country, began rejecting the communist government, wanting a more liberal system This country, originally a Soviet satellite country, began rejecting the communist government, wanting a more liberal system The Soviets invaded Czechoslovakia and reinstated the communist government The Soviets invaded Czechoslovakia and reinstated the communist government Although many western countries condemned the Soviets actions, nothing was done to stop it. Although many western countries condemned the Soviets actions, nothing was done to stop it.

17. More Hot Spots  Afghanistan 1979-1989 Civil war broke out between a communist government and the Muslim guerrillas Civil war broke out between a communist government and the Muslim guerrillas The Soviets sent troops to support the communist government The Soviets sent troops to support the communist government The US sent troops to support the Muslim guerrillas The US sent troops to support the Muslim guerrillas The Soviets lost and finally withdrew in 1989 The Soviets lost and finally withdrew in 1989 Civil war continued in Afghanistan until 1996 when the Taliban gained control. Civil war continued in Afghanistan until 1996 when the Taliban gained control.

18. Canada and the Cold War  NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) was formed in 1949 as a way for countries to address the concerns about the spread of communism  The members were: Canada, US, Belgium, Britain, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, and Netherlands.  They hoped that this “collective security” would discourage aggression from the Soviet Union and the countries of Eastern Europe.

19. Soviet Response  In response, the Soviet Union formed a rival organization called The Warsaw Pact in 1955  Its members were: USSR, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania.

20. NATO’s Role Today  After the end of the Cold War in 1989, the role of NATO changed.  Canada is still a member, along with some of the former Warsaw Pact countries  The focus now is on: protecting ethnic minorities and preventing international terrorism.

21. Canada and the Cold War  NORAD (North American Air Defense Command) was formed in the late 1950’s  Created by the US and Canada, this agreement created a unified system of air defense  The 2 countries set up a series of radar stations across central and northern Canada to provide them with warnings of any air strikes.  The headquarters was set up in Colorado Springs, US, and Canadians were worried that major decisions about our security would be made in the US, not our own country.  NORAD officially ceased in 1993, although the alliance between the 2 countries still exists  North American Aerospace Defense Command

22. Canada and the United Nations  In April, 1945, 50 countries gathered in San Francisco to create the UN  The UN Charter: To work collectively to bring an end to war To work collectively to bring an end to war To encourage cooperation among nations To encourage cooperation among nations To improve standards of living in all nations To improve standards of living in all nations To promote basic human rights To promote basic human rights  The UN has its own “military” – they are called peacekeepers  Lester B. Pearson, Canada’s Prime Minister, won a Nobel Peace Prize for his contributions to peacekeeping efforts around the globe

23. The Korean War  June 25, 1950, North Korea (had become a communist country after WWII) attacked South Korea (a non-communist country)  China sent in troops to support NK  SK received support from the UN, sending troops from 16 countries  Canada sent 26,000 troops  By 1953, a ceasefire was signed  A demilitarized zone was created between the 2 countries  It remains today

24. The Suez Crisis