1. ____________________________________________________ “What children can do with the assistance of others might be in some sense even more indicative of their mental development than what they can do alone.” ____________________________________________________ “Knowledge, then, is a system of transformations that become progressively adequate.” ____________________________________________________ ???: “Through concentration, I can raise and lower my cholesterol at will.” Pam: “Why would you want to raise your cholesterol?” ???: “So I can lower it.” ____________________________________________________

2. Behaviorism: Constructs In order to help new 6th grade students with the transition to middle school, the teachers meet the students the first few days of school and help them find their way around. Natasha’s mother drops her off the first day, and Natasha waves to her mother uneasily as she walks towards the school. Mrs. Rodriquez greets her at the entrance of the main building, smiles at Natasha reassuringly. Seeing the way Mrs. Rodriguez behaves, Natasha feels much better. Each day, Mrs. Rodriquez greets Natasha with the same smile and reassuring manner. Now, Natasha jumps out of the car and feels quite relaxed as she enter Mrs. Rodriquez’s classroom.

3. Praise Remo ving HW Verbal Desist Time- out

5. ScheduleExample Fixed-ratio (behavior) Variable-ratio (behavior) Fixed-interval (time) Variable-interval (time) The algebra teacher says, “As soon as you’ve correctly done two problems in a row, you may start on your homework, so you’ll be finished by the end of the period.” A student raises her hand to answer questions, and sometimes she’s called on, and sometimes she isn’t. Students are given a quiz every Friday, and they receive their score every Monday. Students are given unannounced quizzes, and sometimes the quizzes are returned the next day, and at other times they are returned a day or two later. Application: Behaviorism Worksheet

6. Behaviorism: Effective application (II) Ineffective forms of punishment Physical punishment Embarrassment Class work Other Considerations… Generalization Discrimination Extinction

7. Behaviorism: Other concepts Extinction  When a previously reinforced behavior decreases in frequency and eventually ceases (ignoring behavior) Spontaneous Recovery  When an extinguished behavior reappears without having been reinforced Generalization  When an individual learns to make a particular response to a particular stimulus and then makes the same or a similar response in a different situation Discrimination  When an individual learns to notice the unique aspects of seemingly similar situations and thus responds differently

8. Behaviorism: Application Applied behavior analysis (ABA): Systematically applying the principles of behaviorism to change student behavior (aka behavior modification; Baldwin & Baldwin, 2001) Steps: (1) Identify target behaviors (2) Establish a baseline for target behaviors (3) Choose reinforces and punishers (4) Measure changes in target behaviors (5) Gradually reduce the frequency of reinforcers as behavior improves

9. Behaviorism: Issues Can behaviorism effectively serve as a guide for instruction in all domains? Is all learning a product of reinforcement? External reinforcement has negative correlation with intrinsically motivating activities