1. The Industrial Revolution Living from the Land

2. In the 18th and 19th centuries, many new innovations in industry and farming were made In the 18th and 19th centuries, many new innovations in industry and farming were made these innovations increased the economies many European nations and the young U. S. these innovations increased the economies many European nations and the young U. S. this time period became known as the Industrial Revolution this time period became known as the Industrial Revolution this was a time period when powered machinery in factories replaced the work done by individuals at home this was a time period when powered machinery in factories replaced the work done by individuals at home more goods could be made quicker by using the machinery more goods could be made quicker by using the machinery

4. These machines and growing factories also had an impact on society These machines and growing factories also had an impact on society workers were crammed into factories workers were crammed into factories people starting leaving the countryside and move to the city to find factory jobs people starting leaving the countryside and move to the city to find factory jobs

5. Harsh Way of Life Before the Industrial Revolution, most people lived in rural villages Before the Industrial Revolution, most people lived in rural villages time was kept by following the seasons time was kept by following the seasons most people farmed most people farmed a high infant mortality rate kept families small a high infant mortality rate kept families small 1 out of 3 babies died in the 1st year of life 1 out of 3 babies died in the 1st year of life 1 in 2 people lived to be 21 1 in 2 people lived to be 21 life expectancy: 40 life expectancy: 40 During the 18th century (1700’s), only 25% of people lived in cities London was the largest city: 700,000 people many villages never left their village and knew little of what was around them

6. Village Life Nearly all villagers were farmers Nearly all villagers were farmers the wealthy owned most of the land and rented it out to the farmers the wealthy owned most of the land and rented it out to the farmers many different families would cooperate in working in the fields many different families would cooperate in working in the fields very little land was fenced off--no separation of private and public lands very little land was fenced off--no separation of private and public lands Public lands=commons the village’s economy was localized; very little long distance trade occurred villagers were self- sufficient--they grew their own food, made their own tools and clothes, etc.

7. The rich landowners lived in estates The rich landowners lived in estates they had large houses they had large houses many barns and cottages many barns and cottages lots of land lots of land servants pampered the family servants pampered the family The poor farmers rented the land lived in small cottages houses had dirt floors many times their shared their house with the farm animals

8. All people in the farming family worked hard to ensure the family’s survival All people in the farming family worked hard to ensure the family’s survival boys helped their fathers in the field boys helped their fathers in the field girls helped the mothers milk cows and creating food for the family girls helped the mothers milk cows and creating food for the family

9. Early Industry Not all people farmed; a very small amount also worked in small industries or coal mines Not all people farmed; a very small amount also worked in small industries or coal mines these industries created these industries created glass glass iron iron cloth cloth most industry workers were also farmers; they had to work in the industry when not farming most industry workers were also farmers; they had to work in the industry when not farming Industry workers would help farmers during the harvest during the winter the farmers would help in the mines and workshops industry and agriculture began building a close relationship to each other

10. Making Wool Wool production was very important in Britain Wool production was very important in Britain lots of people were employed in the wool industry in Britain lots of people were employed in the wool industry in Britain by the 1700’s, the demand for wool caused merchants to hire people to create wool in their homes by the 1700’s, the demand for wool caused merchants to hire people to create wool in their homes This system became known as the domestic system the domestic system spread to other industries in order for the domestic system to work, a network of workers was needed

12. 1.) Merchants would by the raw wool and give it to several families 1.) Merchants would by the raw wool and give it to several families 2.) Women and children would clean, sort, and spin the wool into thread 2.) Women and children would clean, sort, and spin the wool into thread 3.) Men would weave the thread into cloth 3.) Men would weave the thread into cloth 4.) Many times the merchant would pick up the thread and send it to a weaver 4.) Many times the merchant would pick up the thread and send it to a weaver 5.) After the weaving process, the cloth would be taken to a fuller who would shape the material 6.) A dyer would then color the cloth 7.) The finished product would be taken to market for sale

13. Benefits of the Domestic System 1.) Workers could set their own hours 1.) Workers could set their own hours this allowed the workers to tend to other duties this allowed the workers to tend to other duties people could still farm and help produce woolen cloth people could still farm and help produce woolen cloth 2.) Children were allowed to work and learn a skill 2.) Children were allowed to work and learn a skill 3.) Provided families with income during hard times--drought, flood, etc. 3.) Provided families with income during hard times--drought, flood, etc.

14. Mining Coal Coal mining also used the domestic system Coal mining also used the domestic system many times, the coal mines were under the farm lands many times, the coal mines were under the farm lands many coal miners were also farmers many coal miners were also farmers even women and children worked in the coal mines even women and children worked in the coal mines Coal mining gave income to some families the family would used the extra income to buy goods it normally could not furniture clothing

15. The Beginnings of Change

16. British farmers had, for centuries, planted crops and raised animals British farmers had, for centuries, planted crops and raised animals 18th century (1700’s): things began to change 18th century (1700’s): things began to change the rich landowners ended the open field system the rich landowners ended the open field system these landowners believed that larger fields with fenced lands would yield more production these landowners believed that larger fields with fenced lands would yield more production Parliament agreed to this idea and endorsed the enclosure movement laws were created allowing landowners to fence private and public lands--increasing the landowners’ own estates the enclosure movement changed Great Britain

17. Small farmers now had no land Small farmers now had no land they moved to towns and cities to find work they moved to towns and cities to find work rich landowners were developing new and improved farming methods rich landowners were developing new and improved farming methods breeding breeding tools (seed drill) tools (seed drill) Agriculture soon became a profit making business for these landowners Agriculture soon became a profit making business for these landowners

18. Great Britain Leads the Way Great Britain’s agricultural revolution helped the nation become the leader in the Industrial Revolution Great Britain’s agricultural revolution helped the nation become the leader in the Industrial Revolution the landowners’ success in farming allowed them to invest their $ into industry the landowners’ success in farming allowed them to invest their $ into industry farmers driven off of the land went to work in industry farmers driven off of the land went to work in industry Britain had the capital, natural resources, and labor force to become very successful in industry Britain had the capital, natural resources, and labor force to become very successful in industry

19. Money & Industry In order for industry to grow, industry must have capital--$ to invest in labor, machines, and materials In order for industry to grow, industry must have capital--$ to invest in labor, machines, and materials 1700’s: many British were wealthy from farming and overseas trade (slave trade) 1700’s: many British were wealthy from farming and overseas trade (slave trade) with the rise of industry, the wealthy now had new areas to invest their $ with the rise of industry, the wealthy now had new areas to invest their $ These wealthy persons were hoping to make a large profit on their investment Parliament even encouraged investing by passing new laws that helped the growing businesses

20. Natural Resources Great Britain had lots of natural resources Great Britain had lots of natural resources harbors harbors lots of rivers lots of rivers to provide transportation and water for power to provide transportation and water for power iron and coal iron and coal these were the two main materials of the Industrial Revolution these were the two main materials of the Industrial Revolution iron and steel were perfect materials for building machinery iron and steel were perfect materials for building machinery coal was the fuel used by industry coal was the fuel used by industry

21. Large Labor Supply Britain had a large growing population of workers Britain had a large growing population of workers better farming meant more and better food better farming meant more and better food people lived longer people lived longer people were healthier people were healthier 1700: 3 mil. People 1700: 3 mil. People 1800: 9 mil. People 1800: 9 mil. People changes in British farming also increased the # of industrial workers changes in British farming also increased the # of industrial workers New farm equipment (steel plow) allowed for fewer people needed on the farm farmers not needed went to the cities to find work the British upper class and middle class managed the industries the domestic system was on the way out as industry began to grow

22. Growing Textile Industry 1700’s: people all over the world were anxious to buy cotton cloth 1700’s: people all over the world were anxious to buy cotton cloth the domestic system did not produce enough cotton cloth the domestic system did not produce enough cotton cloth new ways of increasing production to meet the rising demands were needed new ways of increasing production to meet the rising demands were needed

23. Advances in Machinery The old ways of making cloth were difficult and time-consuming The old ways of making cloth were difficult and time-consuming news & faster ways of producing cloth had to be developed in order to meet the high demands news & faster ways of producing cloth had to be developed in order to meet the high demands 1773: John Kay improved the old loom by creating his “flying shuttle” 1773: John Kay improved the old loom by creating his “flying shuttle” he was a British clock maker he was a British clock maker The “flying shuttle” made weaving a lot quicker and allowed for wider fabrics to be created the new invention allowed weavers to produce 2 to 3 times more cloth 1760: James Hargreaves creates the “spinning jenny” more thread could be spun at a faster rate

24. John Kay James Hargreaves

25. The spinning jenny allowed for up to 7 threads to be spun at one time The spinning jenny allowed for up to 7 threads to be spun at one time 1768: Richard Arkwright develops the water frame 1768: Richard Arkwright develops the water frame the water frame was a large spinning machine run from water power the water frame was a large spinning machine run from water power 1779: Samuel Crompton combined the spinning jenny and water frame into a machine called the “cotton mule” 1779: Samuel Crompton combined the spinning jenny and water frame into a machine called the “cotton mule” this machine could produce a high quality thread used in high quality cloth this machine could produce a high quality thread used in high quality cloth

26. Water Frame

27. Cotton Mule

28. Producing More Cloth The new spinning machines produced a lot more thread, but caused a need for more weavers The new spinning machines produced a lot more thread, but caused a need for more weavers 1787: Edmund Cartwright invented the powerloom 1787: Edmund Cartwright invented the powerloom this invention helped deal with the shortage of weavers this invention helped deal with the shortage of weavers the power loom ran an either horse, water, or steam power the power loom ran an either horse, water, or steam power This new mechanical loom allowed weavers to keep up with thread production however, the increasing production caused a need for more raw cotton; however, raw cotton was very expensive because of the difficulties removing the seeds

29. 1793: Eli Whitney, an American, invents the cotton gin 1793: Eli Whitney, an American, invents the cotton gin this machine could clean and de-seed cotton 50 times faster than a human this machine could clean and de-seed cotton 50 times faster than a human the cotton gin made the price of raw cotton decrease--allowing for more raw cotton to be used in the developing textile factories the cotton gin made the price of raw cotton decrease--allowing for more raw cotton to be used in the developing textile factories

30. Eli Whitney

31. The Factory System The newly developed textile machines were too large & costly to fit in people’s homes The newly developed textile machines were too large & costly to fit in people’s homes slowly, the cloth making trade--and machines-- were moved to large buildings built on rivers-- the beginnings of the factory system slowly, the cloth making trade--and machines-- were moved to large buildings built on rivers-- the beginnings of the factory system the rivers were used as power for the large machines and as a way of transporting goods to and from the factory the rivers were used as power for the large machines and as a way of transporting goods to and from the factory

32. As factories began to progress, they began needing more power than the rivers could provide As factories began to progress, they began needing more power than the rivers could provide steam power would be the new power supply steam power would be the new power supply 1781: James Watt designed and create a steam engine 1781: James Watt designed and create a steam engine with this invention factories could be built anywhere, not just along rivers with this invention factories could be built anywhere, not just along rivers

33. James Watt

34. Industrial Developments As more factory machinery was created, a greater demand was placed on the need for iron and steel As more factory machinery was created, a greater demand was placed on the need for iron and steel 1783: Henry Cort began using coal to produce a better quality iron 1783: Henry Cort began using coal to produce a better quality iron iron factories began moving from woodyards to coal fields iron factories began moving from woodyards to coal fields 1850’s: William Kelly, an American, and Sir Henry Bessemer, a British man, created a way to inexpensively create steel from iron steel was a good metal for industry because of its strength steel allowed for the construction of large building, bridges, etc.

35. People during this time also looked to improving transportation People during this time also looked to improving transportation private industries began building and paving roads private industries began building and paving roads more advancements in water transportation were also done more advancements in water transportation were also done canals were built connecting factories to coal mines and major waterways to one another canals were built connecting factories to coal mines and major waterways to one another

36. Steam power would be used to revolutionize water and land travel Steam power would be used to revolutionize water and land travel 1807: Robert Fulton, an American, designed and created the 1st steamboat--Clermont 1807: Robert Fulton, an American, designed and created the 1st steamboat--Clermont eventually, steamboats would be traveling the world’s oceans eventually, steamboats would be traveling the world’s oceans 1801: Richard Trevithick developed a steam powered carriage to travel across land 1801: Richard Trevithick developed a steam powered carriage to travel across land 1804: Trevithick designed a steam locomotive that ran across rails 1804: Trevithick designed a steam locomotive that ran across rails

37. Clermont