1. Language of Anatomy Martini Chapter 1
Credit: Portland Community College
Edited 2009

2. Anatomy
Gross anatomy: the study of body structures visible to the naked eye (without a microscope)
Microscopic anatomy:
Cytology: Analysis of the internal structures of individual cells
Histology: examination of tissues (groups of specialized cells that work together to perform a specific function.

3. Anatomical Position
Anytime you describe structures relative to one another, you must assume this standard position:
Body erect
Feet slightly apart
Palms facing forward
Thumbs point away from body

4. Anterior Landmarks

5. Posterior Landmarks

6. Anatomical Locations Abdominal: abdominal region
Acromial: the point of the shoulder
Antebrachial: forearm
Antecubital: anterior surface of the elbow
Axillary: armpit
Brachial: upper arm
Buccal: cheek of the face
Calcaneal: heel of the foot
Carpal: wrist
Cephalic: head

7. Anatomical Locations Cervical: neck
Deltoid: round part of the shoulder
Digital: fingers and toes
Dorsum: back
Femoral: thigh
Frontal: forehead
Gluteal: buttocks
Hallux: big toe
Inguinal: groin
Lumbar: lower back
Mammary: breast

8. Anatomical Locations Mental: chin Nasal: Nose
Occipital: base of the skull
Olecranal: elbow
Oral: mouth
Orbital: bony eye socket
Otic: ear
Palmar: palm of hand
Patellar: Kneecap
Pedal: Foot

9. Anatomical Locations Pelvic: pelvis region
Perineal: area between anus and external genitals
Plantar: sole of foot
Pollex: thumb
Popliteal: behind the knee
Pubic: genital region
Sacral: lower back between the hips
Scapular: shoulder blade
Tarsal: ankle
Thoracic: chest
Vertebral: spine

10. Body Orientation and Direction
These are relative positions
Proximal/distal
Used to describe locations on the arms and legs
GI tract
Medial/lateral
Medial is closer to the midline
Farther away from the midline

11. Body Orientation and Direction
Dorsal: Back
Ventral: Front
Superior or Cephalad is toward the head
Inferior or Caudal is toward the feet
Anterior: most forward
Posterior: toward the backside

12. Planes of the Body

13. Dorsal Body Cavity Dorsal cavity protects the nervous system
Contains Brain and Spinal Cord

14. Cavities Thoracic Cavity Heart & Lungs
Subdivided into the mediastinum and plural cavities
Lower border is the diaphragm
Abdominal Cavity
Stomach, Liver, Intestines
Pelvic Cavity
Reproductive organs Bladder, Rectum

15. Serous Membranes Serous Membranes have two layers
Parietal serosa lines internal body walls
Visceral serosa covers the internal organs
Serous fluid separates the serosae

16. Serous Membranes

17. Serous Membranes of the Heart

18. Quadrants
RUQ
Liver
LUQ
Spleen
RLQ
Appendix
LLQ
Sigmoid colon

19. Abdominopelvic Regions

20. Organ Systems Martini Chapter 1, Pages 9-10
Lab Activity 2
Organ Systems
Martini Chapter 1, Pages 9-10

21. Integumentary System Structures: Skin, hair, sweat and oil glands
Function:
Forms external body covering
Protects deeper tissues from injury
Involved in vitamin D synthesis
Prevents desiccation, heat loss, and pathogen entry
Site of pain and pressure receptors

22. Skeletal System Structure: 206 bones of the human body Function:
Protects and supports body organs
Provides a framework that muscles can use to create movement
Hematopoiesis (synthesis of blood cells)
Mineral storage
Bone contains 99% of the body’s store of calcium

23. Muscular System Structures: The 600+ muscles of the body Function:
Locomotion
Manipulation of the environment
Maintaining posture
Thermogenesis (generation of heat)

24. Nervous System Structures: Brain, Spinal cord, and peripheral nerves.
Function:
Fast-acting control system of the body
Monitoring of the internal and external environment and responding (when necessary) by initiating muscular or glandular activity
Information Assessment

25. Endocrine System Structures: Hormone Secreting Glands Functions:
Pituitary, Thyroid, Thymus, Pineal, Parathyroid, Adrenal, Pancreas, Small Intestine, Stomach, Testes, Ovaries, Kidneys, Heart
Functions:
Long-term control system of the body
Regulates growth, reproduction, and nutrient use among other things.

26. Cardiovascular System
Structures:
Heart, Blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries)
Functions:
The heart pumps blood thru the blood vessels.
Blood provides the transport medium for nutrients (glucose, amino acids, lipids), gases (O2, CO2), wastes (urea, creatinine), signaling molecules (hormones), and heat.

27. Lymphatic/Immune System
Structures:
Lymphatic vessels, Lymph nodes, Spleen, Thymus, Red bone marrow
Functions:
Returning “leaked” fluid back to the bloodstream
Disposal of debris
Attacking and resisting foreign invaders (pathogens i.e., disease-causing organisms)
Absorption of fat from the digestive tract

28. Respiratory System Structures: Functions:
Nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
Functions:
Constantly supply the blood with O2, and remove CO2
Regulate blood pH

29. Digestive System Structures: Functions:
Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gallbladder
Functions:
Ingestion and subsequent breakdown of food into absorbable units that will enter the blood for distribution to the body’s cells

30. Urinary System Structures: Functions:
Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder,
urethra
Functions:
Removal of nitrogenous wastes
Regulation of body’s levels of water, electrolytes, and acidity

31. Reproductive System Structures: Functions: Male: Female: Making Babies
Testes, scrotum, epididymis, vas deferens, urethra, prostate gland, seminal vesicles, penis
Female:
Ovary, uterine tube, uterus, cervix, vagina, mammary glands
Functions:
Making Babies

32. The End
The End