2. * A biome is an area that has the same climate (weather) and the same organisms that live there. * Biomes help scientists describe the world. * There are ____ land biomes and ___ water biomes62

3. What is a biome? A BIOME is the largest geographic biotic unit, a major community of plants and animals with similar life forms and environmental conditions.

4. How are biomes formed? Biomes are distributed across the Earth based primarily on climate. Therefore, in areas that are far apart, you will sometimes find similar plants and animals because the climate is similar. One factor affecting climate is latitude. Typically, the farther you move north or south of the equator, the colder the temperature gets. Another factor affecting climate is elevation. The higher you go in elevation, the colder the temperature gets. Biomes usually found at cold latitudes far from the equator are sometimes also found on high mountains at low latitudes. Typically, a climb of 100 feet in elevation is equivalent to traveling 600 miles northward.

5. * TundraTundra * Taiga Taiga * Temperate Deciduous Forest Temperate Deciduous Forest * Tropical Rain Forest Tropical Rain Forest * SavannahSavannah * DesertDesert

6. Where is the tundra? Around the North Pole and near the Arctic Ocean Latitude-North of the Artic Circle Climate (weather) Very cold and dry Temperature: less than -5°C (Range -34° to 3°C) Only has 25 centimeters or less of rain every year What the land looks like Permafrost: the dirt that is always frozen (even in the spring and summer) Flat land with only a few small, thin trees

7. Tundra Plant Adaptations Tundra plants are small (usually less than 12 inches tall) and low-growing due to lack of nutrients, because being close to the ground helps keep the plants from freezing, and because the roots cannot penetrate the permafrost. Some plants grow in clumps to protect one another from the wind and cold. Some plants have dish-like flowers that follow the sun, focusing more solar heat on the center of the flower, helping the plant stay warm. Cotton Grass Fungi and Algae Plants are dark in color this helps them absorb solar heat. Some plants are covered with hair which helps keep them warm. (look fuzzy)

8. Animals- They have adapted thick furry coats and Tundra bumble bees have developed a dense hair on their bodies which slows heat loss to the air. Herbivores: reindeer, musk-ox, lemmings, and caribou. Omnivores: Polar bear, arctic ground squirrel Carnivore: Arctic seal, snowy owl, ermine wolf caribouducklemming musk ox sandy hill crane marmot polar bear snowy owl ermine

9. Relationships Predator/Prey: Wolf and caribou: A wolf is the predator of the caribou. The caribou eats plants and the wolf eats the caribou to obtain the energy. Lynx and Rabbit Arctic Fox and Lemming

10. Relationships Symbiotic Relationships: Mutualism: Lichen is a symbiotic relationship with single-celled algae and fungus. The algae carries out photosynthesis giving the lichen a source of food. The fungus gives the algae water and minerals it gets from the surface on which it grows. Parasitism: Tapeworm inside caribou. Tapeworm feeds from inside the intestines of the caribou, caribou is harmed. Commensalism : The Caribou and the Arctic Fox have a commensalistic relationship. The fox follows the caribou who removes the snow covering to get at lichens under the soil. The fox then hunts the small mammals that have been unearthed by the caribou.

13. In Canada, Alaska, northern Asia, and northern Europe Between 120-180 degrees lat., in the N. hemisphere and mountains EuropeAsia Canada Alaska

14. Climate Cold and snowy Climate- Winter's LOWEST temperature in taiga is -65°F; winter's HIGHEST temperature is 30° F. Summer's LOWEST temperature is 30° F; summer's HIGHEST temperature is 70° F. What the land looks like In the winter: Ground is frozen In the spring: Taiga : swampy forest Snow melts and the ground becomes wet and swampy because the deeper ground is frozen

15. cone needles Kinds of conifer trees pinefirspruce many trees are evergreen so that plants can photosynthesize right away when temperatures rise many trees have needle-like leaves which shape loses less water and sheds snow more easily than broad leaves waxy coating on needles prevent evaporation needles are dark in color allowing more solar heat to be absorbed many trees have branches that droop downward to help shed excess snow to keep the branches from breaking Conifer trees (have cones)

16. MooseBeaverWolfBlack bear Hawk OwlLynx Wolverine Red Squirrel Snowshoe Rabbit

17. Animal adaptations in the Taiga Some animals have adapted to life in the taiga by hibernating when temperatures drop. Some have adapted to the extreme cold temperatures by producing a layer of insulating feathers or fur to protect them from the cold. In some instances, the adaptation of a seasonal change in color of feathers or fur protects the animal from its predators. This adaptation helps the animals blend into its surroundings and makes it more difficult for predators to spot them.

18. Relationships Symbiotic Relationships: Mutualism: relationship between moss and redwood tree The tree gives the moss a place to live. The moss grows on the tree and protects it. Parasitism: Brain-worms and caribou. The brain-worm eats the brain of the caribou, and the eventually caribou dies. Commensalism : relationship between a raven and the pine tree it’s nesting in The tree provides a place for the raven to live, and the raven neither hurts nor helps the tree.

21. Deciduous forests are between northeastern United States and Canada. Some are in the eastern United States. Others grow in Europe and eastern Asia. This is our Biome!! You are here

22. Climate Summers are warm (30 ° C) Winters are cold (-30° C) Gets 75 centimeters of rain every year (that’s over 2 feet of rain!) There are four distinct seasons in the temperate deciduous forest: spring, summer, autumn, and winter. What is special about deciduous trees? The leaves change colors and fall off the trees in autumn and grow new leaves in the spring The leaves on the ground make the dirt better and help plants grow.

23. * Trees * Oak* Hickory * Maple* Beech * Flowers * Lily of the valley * Star Flower

24. Adaptations include: Trees grow very tall due to amount of precipitation. Also, As temperature drops in winter, the tree cuts off the supply of water to the leaves and seals off the area between the leaf stem and the tree trunk. With limited sunlight and water, leaves unable to cont. producing chlorophyll causing them to change into the beautiful red, yellow and orange leaf colors of FALL. Trees have thick bark to protect against cold winters Wildflowers grow on forest floor early in the spring before trees leaf- out and shade the forest floor

25. EagleBrown BearBlack BearChipmunk RaccoonPorcupineRed Fox White-tailed Deer MouseCoyote

26. Adaptations include : Birds migrate to warmer places where they can find food more easily; Some mammals (bears) hibernate during the winter; Food Storage-Squirrels, chipmunks, and some jays often store large supplies of nuts and seeds in the ground, under fallen leaves, or in tree hollows for use during the winter when food is scarce. Herbivores: White tailed deer, squirrels, ad chipmunks Omnivores: black bear, raccoon, opossum, and blue jays Carnivore: water moccasin, weasel, and hawks

27. Relationships Predator/Prey: Symbiotic Relationships: Mutualism: Butterflies, bees, and hummingbirds with flowers: animals get food and plant get pollinated so new plants can be produced. Parasitism: Mosquito on an animal. Mosquito ingests the animals blood and animal is harmed. Commensalism : Bird living in a tree. Bird gets a home and the tree is not harmed.

29. In Africa, western North America, western Asia, central Australia, and western South America.

30. There are __________ kinds of deserts. two Hot deserts and cold deserts Sahara DesertGobi Desert hot desert cold desert

31. * Climate * gets less than 25 centimeters of rain every year * hot during the day and cool at night * temperatures can exceed 100 degrees F (49 C)during the day and then drop to 30 degrees F (-2 C) at night. * Climate * gets less than 25 centimeters of rain every year * cold all of the time

32. Some plants, called succulents, store water in their stems or leaves; Some plants have no leaves or small seasonal leaves that only grow after it rains. Long root systems spread out wide or go deep into the ground to absorb water; Spines to discourage animals from eating plants for water; Waxy coating on stems and leaves help reduce water loss. Flowers that open at night lure pollinators who are more likely to be active during the cooler night. Slower growing requires less energy. The plants don't have to make as much food and therefore do not lose as much water. Aloe Barrel Cactus Prickly Pear Cactus

33. Black-collared lizard snakes camel desert iguana roadrunner jackrabbit Herbivores: desert tortoise Omnivores: cactus wren Carnivore: armadillo lizard, sonoran toad, pygmy owl

34. Most of the desert animals avoid being out in the sun during the hottest part of the day. Many desert mammals, reptiles and amphibians live in burrows to escape the intense desert heat. Some animals have developed long body parts that provide greater body surface to dissipate heat. For example, jackrabbits have large ears that are supplied with a large number of blood vessels from which excess heat can be easily lost. It is a known fact that light colors are better absorbers of heat than dark colors. Most desert animals are pale in color. Animals like the Gila Monster is known to store water in the fatty tissues in their tails and other parts of the body. Also, the hump of the camel has fatty tissue. When this fatty tissue is metabolized, it produces both energy as well as water.

36. Relationships Predator/Prey: Symbiotic Relationships: Mutualism: A phainopepla eats mistletoe berries. The bird, while perching, passes undigested seeds in droppings to host trees ensuring survival of both the mistletoe and the phainopepla Parasitism: Desert mistletoe extracts nutrients from a desert willow. When the mistletoe grows and requires more nutrients than the willow provides, the willow tree will eventually dies. Commensalism : A cactus wren builds its nest in a cholla cactus to protect its young from predators such as raven. There is no harm to the cactus.

39. The largest tropical rainforest is in South America. It is called the Amazon rain forest. They are also found in central Africa, Central America, Southeast Asia, Hawaii, and a small area of Australia.

40. Climate Rains almost everyday Gets almost 10 feet of rain every year. Very hot all year long (32 C to 20 C)

42. Although they cover a small area - less than 2% of Earth's surface rainforests are home to about half the life on Earth. In fact, tropical rainforests support the greatest biodiversity on Earth. Why So Much Biodiversity? Biodiversity- The number and variety of plant and animal species found in an ecosystem. The largest rainforest in the world is the Amazon rainforest in South America. Tropical rainforests are home to a huge number of different plants and animals. All tropical rainforests are endangered.

44.  To absorb as much sunlight as possible in the dark understory, leaves are very large.  Plants grow in the upper canopy on larger trees to get sunlight. These are the epiphytes such as orchids and bromeliads.  Many trees have buttress and stilt roots for extra support in the shallow, wet soil of the rainforests.  Tropical rainforests produce 40% of Earth's oxygen! Plant Adaptations

48. Some animals are poisonous, and use bright colors to warn predators to leave them alone. Many rainforest animals use camouflage to 'disappear' in the rainforest. Another animal with no friends is the hoatzin. Often called the stinkbird, it produces a horrible smell to scare away potential predators For example, prehensile tails are common on possums, new world monkeys, and some reptiles. Special flaps of skin help some lizards and frogs glide between treetops.

49. Relationships Predator/Prey: Symbiotic Relationships: Mutualism: Woodpecker peck out insects from a tree. It helps the tree so the insects don't eat the tree completely away, say for example a termite. The bird is helped by the food. Both benefit. Parasitism: Monkeys carry ticks on their bodies and the ticks are a parasite because they are feeding off the monkeys blood. Commensalism : An example is bromeliads (plants living on trees in rainforests) and frogs; the frogs get shelter and water from the bromeliad but the bromeliad is unaffected.

54. The largest grassland is in Africa. There are also grasslands in North America, South America, central Asia, and northern Australia.

55. There are _____ kinds of grasslands.two Temperate grasslands: called prairies Tropical grasslands: called savannas Climate All grasslands get between 25 and 75 centimeters of rain every year. The savanna climate has a temperature range of 68° to 86° F (20° to 30° C). Savanna is characterized by two very different seasons: the "wet" and the "dry". The dry season lasts 5 to 6 months, usually from May to October. The wet season lasts 5 to 6 months and lasts from December to March.

56. Largest savannas are found in Africa There are only a few trees on the savanna and the land is usually flat Why don’t a lot of trees grow? Savanna does not get a lot of rain People set the grass on fire to stop trees from growing Animals eat the trees before they can start growing tall

57. Grass Can live without a lot of rain Acacia tree Baobab tree

58.  During a fire, while above-ground portions of grasses may perish, the root portions survive to sprout again  Some prairie trees have thick bark to resist fire  Prairie shrubs readily re-sprout after fire  Roots of prairie grasses extend deep into the ground to absorb as much moisture as they can  Extensive root systems prevent grazing animals from pulling roots out of the ground  Prairie grasses have narrow leaves which lose less water than broad leaves  Grasses grow from near their base, not from tip, thus are not permanently damaged from grazing animals or fire  Many grasses take advantage of exposed, windy conditions and are wind pollinated  Soft stems enable prairie grasses to bend in the wind Plant Adaptations

59. African elephant Black RhinocerosCheetah Giraffe HippopotamusHyena Lions Ostrich Warthog Wild Dog Zebra

60. Some animals are very small such as mice, prairie dogs, snakes, lizards and insects. These animals can hide easily in the grasses. There are also large grasslands animals such as elephants, lions, zebra, giraffes, cheetah and rhinoceros. These animals are too large to hide in the grasses, so they must protect themselves in other ways, such as by speed or camouflage. Many grasslands animals live in large groups, often called herds. Living in groups means that there is protection from predators for the weaker members. There are more eyes to spot danger, and strong members surround weaker ones.

61. Relationships Predator/Prey: Symbiotic Relationships: Mutualism: The oxpecker and the rhinoceros; the oxpecker gets the ticks that are on the rhino as its food, the rhino gets the ticks taken off it. The oxpeckers also warn the rhinos of any danger that may be lurking. Parasitism: Tick on a Lion. Tick ingests the animals blood and animal is harmed. Commensalism : Many of the grazing animals will have birds follow them. There is no real benefit to the grazing animal however the birds get well fed by eating all the bugs.

63. * MarineMarine * FreshwaterFreshwater

64. * The marine biome is the __ _ ____________ biome. ocean * covers about 70% of the Earth has salt water The ocean is the largest of all ecosystems. * Organisms that live in the ocean are able to live in the salt water. * sunlight, water pressure, and water movement affect the organisms too because of these things, the ocean is divided into different areas different organisms live in each area * The water that is very deep has cold temperatures, high pressures, and is very dark Climate varies with location

65. Many of the plants live near the top of the water they need the sunlight to help them grow and make food

66. Phytoplankton Sea Kelp Mangrove Tree

67. underwater leaves and stems are flexible to move with water currents some plants have air spaces in their stems to help hold the plant up in the water submerged plants lack strong water transport system (in stems); instead water, nutrients, and dissolved gases are absorbed through the leaves directly from the water. roots and root hairs reduced or absent; roots only needed for anchorage, not for absorption of nutrients and water some plants have leaves that float atop the water, exposing themselves to the sunlight In floating plants chlorophyll is restricted to upper surface of leaves (part that the sunlight will hit) and the upper surface is waxy to repel water Some plants produce seeds that can float

69. Most marine organisms live near the top of the water or close to land Many animals dig down into the sand or hang on to rocks, so they do not get lost in the sea Other larger animals live where the water is deep barracuda star fishclown fishcrab flashlight fishgreen sea turtlekiller whaleshrimp

70.  Marine animals that are warm-blooded have adapted to the cold and pressure in different ways.  For example, some marine mammals (whales, dolphins, seals, and sea lions) have a blubber layer that protects them from the cold water.  Other marine mammals such as sea otters have thick fur that creates a layer of air between the water and the animal's skin to keep them from getting cold. Marine birds also have this adaptation.  Camouflage - Many marine animals have colors that allow them to blend in with their environments.  Countershading - Open ocean or pelagic fish are often lighter on the bottom and darker on the top. This makes them harder to see in the water from either direction. A predator swimming under a fish looks up and sees the light-colored bottom which blends in with the sunlit water. Birds flying in the sky have trouble seeing the fish, too. Their dark tops blend in well with the water.

71. Relationships Predator/Prey: Symbiotic Relationships: Mutualism: Corals and zooxanthellae algae depend on each other for survival. The algae makes food for the coral and the coral provides a home for the algae. Parasitism: Deep Phoenix Worm and fish. The worm lives along the ocean floor deep in the Mariana Trench that hibernates until it is disturbed by another animal that creeps along the ocean floor. At that point, the worm burrows into the host animals body, crawls through its blood stream and lodges itself in the host animal's head. There, it lays its eggs. When the parasite's eggs hatch, the larvae consume the original parasite and then feast on the brain of the host. Commensalism : Barnacles and Whale. The barnacle attaches themselves to whales for a free ride to food. This does not harm the whale

72. * Includes still water and moving water * Examples of still water* Examples of moving water * lakes and ponds * rivers and streams * Freshwater means it does not have _______________ in it salt

73. * Many of the plants that live in freshwater have strong roots to keep them in one place. *Some plants grow around the edge of the lake or float on the top of the water * Some plants produce seeds that can float cattailwater lily Milkweed

74. Bass-C Carp-O Mallards -H Trout-c bull frog

75. In fast moving waters animals that have to hold onto rocks and the bottom of a river may have suction-cup like structures on their bodies. Many animals dig down into the sand or hang on to rocks, so they do not get washed down the river Camouflage - Many freshwater animals have colors that allow them to blend in with their environments.

76. Relationships Predator/Prey: Frog  Insects Large Mouth Bass  Crayfish Symbiotic Relationships: Mutualism: Small fish enter clean the mouths of larger fish, and in exchange, they may eat whatever they clean out. Hydra with green algae. The algae get nutrients from the hydra (nitrogen source), and the hydra gets the products of photosynthesis (energy)and has better growth performance. Parasitism: Between the freshwater sponge and spongillafly is an example of parasittism. The spongillafly lays its eggs on the sponge, and then they hatch and feed off the sponge. Commensalism : A relationship between small fish and the pond weeds; the fish hide between the weeds from larger fish. This does not harm the weeds

77. * Estuary * border between a freshwater biome and a marine biome * are salt marshes, lagoons, swamps, and mouths of rivers that go into the ocean * are a mixture of freshwater and salt water * some scientists believe estuaries are another biome, other scientists believe estuaries are an ecosystem * not very deep, so sunlight gets to all the water * have many fish and plants

78. * There are __________ land biomes: 6 ____________________ Tundra Taiga (Coniferous Forest) Temperate (Deciduous Forest) Tropical Rain Forest Savannah (Grassland) Desert * There are __________ water biomes: 2 ____________________ MarineFreshwater * The special kind of water is an ___________________. estuary