1. AIM: What are biomolecules?
Do Now :
Define what a molecule is and give an example of one.

2. Cells are made of biomolecules which are build from smaller organic molecules containing 3 main chemical elements: carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen (plus lots of other elements)
An organic molecule is any molecule containing Carbon (C) and Hydrogen (H) elements combined with any other chemical elements.
Examples : Glucose (C6H12O6 ) is organic, H2O is not organic , CO2 (carbon dioxide) is not organic.

3. Chemical reactions inside cells join together small organic molecules (monomers/building blocks) to form large molecules (polymers/macromolecules/biomolecules) by a process called dehydration synthesis.
The 4 main macromolecules in cells are Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids.

4. Carbohydrates
Are made from simple organic molecules called sugars
Scientific name for sugar is saccharide.
Major source of energy . Most organisms break down glucose to release chemical energy from it.
Can provide structural support for some organisms. Cell walls of plants are made cellulose (carbohydrate). Shells of crabs and lobsters are made of chitin (carbohydrate)

5. Cell recognition -In complex organisms cells recognize neighboring cells by carbohydrate molecules on the cell membranes.
One sugar molecule is called monosaccharide , two sugar molecules linked together form a disaccharide molecule. Three or more sugar molecules linked together form polysaccharide.
All carbohydrates consist of C, H, and O combined in a very specific ratio : 1:2:1 (Means that for every atom of Carbon there are twice as many Hydrogen atoms and the same number of Oxygen atoms)

6. Common monosaccharide – glucose (made by plants during photosynthesis process)
Common disaccharides – sucrose (table sugar) and lactose ( milk sugar that some people have intolerance to)
Common polysaccharides :
Starch found in plants and consists of hundreds of glucose molecules bonded together. We obtain starch from the foods we eat and break it down during digestion into glucose molecules.
Glycogen found in animals . Extra glucose molecules are assembled together for storage in a form of a glycogen molecules.

8. Identify the following as mono-,di-, or polysaccharides:1. 2. 3.

9. Lipids
Group includes fats, waxes, steroids, and phospholipids
Main function is to store energy( can do it more efficiently than carbohydrates) and control water movement (repel water)
Consist of long chains of carbon atoms bound to hydrogen atoms
Built from simpler molecules of fatty acids and Glycerol
Examples of lipids are oils, butter, cholesterol, ear wax.

10. Lipids are insoluble in water
Lipids are insoluble in water. What does this tell you about some properties of those molecules ?

12. Proteins
Provide structure and support, enable movement, aid in transportation , and assist in chemical reactions
Made of amino acids ( building blocks)
All amino acids have N atoms together with C, O, and H.
The body needs 20 amino acids to build all the proteins it needs.
Most of the amino acids we obtain from the food we eat when we digest proteins.

13. The amino acids are linked together by peptide bonds This is why proteins can be called polypeptides (if they have more then two peptide bonds) or dipeptides ( if they contain two bonds)
Examples of proteins :
Keratin (found in hair and nails)
Hemoglobin ( found in our blood , helps transport oxygen molecules)

14. Enzymes
Large group of molecules which belongs to the protein group
Major function is to increase the rate of chemical reactions.
Called Catalysts (speed up reactions)
Hold molecules close together and in correct orientation speeding up their possibility of a chemical reaction .
Chemical Reactions
A reactant – the substance that is changed
A product – a new substance that is formed
Every chemical reaction requires a minimum amount of kinetic energy . This amount of energy is called Activation Energy.
Chemical reactions can occur only when the activation energy is available and the correct atoms are aligned.

15. Name the reactants and the product in this reaction.