1. Review What was an absolute ruler? Examples? Which type of gov’t. did England have when we left off? Which type of gov’t. did France have when we left off?

2. 17.1 The Enlightenment The Enlightenment

3. The Enlightenment (Mid 1700’s) -“Age of Reason” Begins in England. Why? -Five core concepts of reason for all aspects of life for enlightenment thinkers: –Reason –Natural Laws (rules governed by reason) –Happiness –Progress –Liberty

4. Thomas Hobbes p. 545 Life without laws or control is, “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short” “Leviathan” (1651) was famous work. Outlook? “Social contract” concept Advocate for absolute monarchy.

5. John Locke p.545 Gov’t to protect rights More positive view/favored self-gov’t. Tabula Rasa Gov’t. responsibilities -obligation to people it governs Natural rights –Life –Liberty –Property –“Two Treatises on Government” Radical thought? What did Locke feel about gov’t that did not fulfill its obligation?

6. French Philosophes New ideas in France b/c of British Revolution which challenged status quo. Ideas spread in salons of Paris British inspiration  France  Rest of Europe 4 Main: Montesquieu, Voltaire, Diderot, Rousseau

7. “Encyclopedia” definition of philosophe …trampling on prejudice, tradition, universal consent, authority, in a word all that enslaves most minds, dares to think for himself, to go back and search for the clearest general principles, to admit nothing except on the testimony of his experience and his reason. http://www.historyguide.org/intellect/lectur e9a.html

9. Montesquieu “On the Spirit of Laws” (1748) –Separation of powers (legislative, executive, judicial) –“Power should be a check to power” ------> checks and balances

10. Voltaire p. 546 Criticized the Church, Government, Establishment through parody, plays, books. Candide - satire “All brothers in God” from Treatise on Toleration Imprisoned and exiled “My trade…is to say what I think.”

11. Diderot The Encyclopedia spread ideas of the enlightenment/salons to many others. (1751-1772) “Change the way of thinking” Banned by many for promoting new ideas.

12. Rousseau PERSONAL freedoms Civilization corrupted/not enlightened bc the strongest ended up taking advantage of the weak=freedoms lost “On the Social Contract” 1762 different from Hobbes. Contract among people  nobility/titles wrong Only freely elected governments can impose minimal controls on citizens The General Will (what is in the best interest of the people)

13. Question Is one more correct than the other? Why? Which person is more in line with the values of the US? Which was more progressive (forward thinking)?

14. Idea of Social Sciences Led to New Studies Adam Smith and Laissez-Faire economics “Wealth of Nations”: Gov’t has 3 roles –Protect from invasion –Police –Public works

15. 17.2 Spread of Enlightenment “Never have new ideas had such rapid circulation at such long distance”

16. Why Is It Important? Their theories ended up inspiring French/American Revolutions. 1. Progress (i.e.: science, medicine, reason, social improvements) 2. Secular outlook (began to explain “God’s mysteries” w/ science) Questioned Church 3. Emphasis on the individual 4. Led to increase in reading and learning throughout Europe.

17. Frederick the Great Enlightened Despot Frederick II of Prussia Tight control over his subjects Felt duty was to work for the common good. Praised many enlightenment thinkers –Reduced torture –Allowed free press –Religious tolerance

18. Enlightened Despots Catherine the Great (Russia) 1762 Followed Peter the Great, married Tsar Peter III -reformed government and some laws -abolished torture -religious tolerance -Charter of rights for nobles However; Catherine is viewed as a ruthless absolute leader – repressed peasants, expanded Russian borders via war with Turkey, partitioned Poland with Russia, Prussia, and Austria in 1772-1795 (Poland did not return until 1919)

19. Impact What was the main idea of the enlightenment? Who would have a problem with that? Which group may not have been represented in these ideas? Why?