1. America and WWII Pacific Theater
14.2 The Early Battles (Appleby )
14.3 Japanese American Relocation (Appleby 504)
14.4 Driving Japan Back (Appleby )
14.5 Japan is Defeated (Appleby )

2. Today’s Agenda Total War Slide Show Homework
Unit Test on WWII Tuesday next week

4. Describe the fall of the Philippines.
Japan invaded 2 days after Pearl Harbor
American troops held out for 3 months under Douglas MacArthur
Soldiers suffered from hunger, disease, insects
FDR ordered MacArthur to evacuate himself
“I shall return.”
78 thousand Americans surrendered in April 1942

5. What was the Bataan Death March?
60 mile week-long forced march by Japanese soldiers on American and Filipino soldiers
Characterized by extreme cruelty by Japanese soldiers
Beheading, shooting, stabbing by bayonet, rape, disembowelment, rifle-butt beating, and deliberate starvation
Falling down may mean a death sentence
Nearly 25 thousand died during 60 mile march to prison camp

6. What was the Doolittle Raid?
FDR wanted to raise US morale by hitting Japan back
US navy placed long range bombers on the aircraft carrier, Hornet
James Doolittle led raid
Successfully bombed Japan
Did little damage
Changed psyche of the war
Made Japanese feel vulnerable
Click for Clip 2:30 -9

7. The Doolittle Raid

8. What was the Battle of Midway?
Yamamoto planned
to lure US fleet into battle & destroy it
Invade New Guinea & cut off supply lines
US code breakers had broken Japanese coded messages
US carriers Lexington and Yorktown intercepted Japanese fleet & prevented invasion of New Guinea
Admiral Nimitz ambushed Japanese at Midway Island
US planes caught Japanese aircraft carriers with fuel, bombs on deck
4 carriers destroyed
Turning point of Pacific War
Click for Clip

9. Describe the attitude Americans had toward the Japanese after Pearl Harbor & Bataan.
Viewed as “A Fifth Column”
Disloyal group who clandestinely aids the enemy by infiltrating a group or nation
Backstabbers
“A Jap's a Jap. The only good one is a dead one!”
Click for Bugs Bunny Cartoon

10. What was Executive Order 9066?
Presidential order to remove & relocate any person considered dangerous from living near military bases
100 miles from W. coast
Allowed them to relocated 120 thousand Japanese-Americans into Internment Camps

11. Describe the Internment Camps
Army placed them in “assembly centers” or War Relocation Centers
Usually in remote areas
Manned by armed guards
Sites lacked basic sanitation
tar paper-covered barracks without plumbing or cooking facilities
Some only allotted $.45 for food per person, per day

12. Describe the Korematsu v. US case.
Frederick Korematsu
Japanese-American was arrested & convicted for evading Executive Order 9066
Appealed decision to Supreme Court
Supreme Court
ruled 6-3 that the Executive Order was constitutional
held that need to protect against espionage outweighed Korematsu's individual rights

14. What was “island hopping”?
Technique of US navy to defeat Japan by taking one island at a time
Secured island could be used as base to land bombing raids of Japan’s main islands
Characterized by increasingly intense fighting as US drew closer to Japan
See The Century minute 37-39

15. Describe the Battle of Iwo Jima.
B-29 Bombers had difficulty reaching Tokyo
Iwo Jima
Small volcanic island perfect for air base
Rugged terrain, numerous caves
60 thousand marines invaded in Feb. 1945
Nearly 7 thousand marines died in brutal fighting but were victorious
Now US could bomb Japan at will
B-29 Bombers had difficulty reaching Tokyo
Closest air base was 1, 500 miles away
Iwo Jima
Small volcanic island perfect for air base
Rugged terrain, numerous caves
Vast network of underground bunkers
60 thousand marines invaded in Feb. 1945
Nearly 7 thousand marines died in brutal fighting but were victorious
Now US could bomb Japan at will

16. Describe Japanese willingness to fight to the Death.
Play Century Civilians at War from 40-50
Believed emperor was a god
students taught to die for emperor
propaganda claimed Americans killed babies, murdered civilians
Civilians of Saipan committed suicide by hundreds
Japanese soldiers would not surrender at Iwo Jima or Okinawa (over 80 thousand killed)

17. 2:14-2:20

18. Saipan

19. Describe the fire bombing of Tokyo (March 1945).
General Curtis LeMay
Armed B-29 with napalm
Meant to start fires
started huge firestorms
Most of the buildings were made of wood, fire spread very quickly
Killed 80,000 civilians, left over 100,000 homeless
66 other cities firebombed
Still Japan showed no signs of surrender
"Everything combustible would be consumed, …In some cases the heat would soften the asphalt in the streets, so that fire equipment mired down and was lost to the flames. Water sprayed on the fire would simply vaporize; glass panes would soften and drip from metal window frames. Here and there, incredibly, concrete melted. No living thing could survive in such an atmosphere."
Tokyo after firebombing
10:30-14:00

20. Firebombing Tokyo
Capture: Tokyo firebombing

21. Describe the invasion of Okinawa.
US need base from which to launch invasion of main islands of Japan
Okinawa just 350 miles away
US invaded April ‘45
Japanese hid in rugged mountains
12 thousand Americans killed in invasion
Kamikaze
Planes, packed with explosives, intentionally crashed into battleships, carriers
Few Japanese soldiers surrendered
58:25-1:04

22. By 1944, Japan was losing the war.

23. What is Total War? A war in which Governments
make any sacrifice in order to achieve victory
Direct all resources and economic activity towards war effort
Place No distinction between soldiers and civilians
specifically target civilians as a way to demoralize enemy
Victims in the Dresden Bombing

24. What is the Manhattan Project?
Secret government operation to develop 1st nuclear weapon
Initiated after letter from Einstein and Leo Szilard warned FDR of Nazi initiatives
Meant to be used on Nazi Germany
Headed by Robert Oppenheimer
Involved over 130 thousand scientists, physicists, engineers, etc.
Based in Los Alamos, NM
Harry S. Truman
Vice President had no knowledge until he became president in April ‘45
Trinity- first successful detonation
"Now I am become death, the destroyer of worlds" (line from Hindu scripture quoted by Robert Oppenheimer when he observed the test.) Photos are of tower in New Mexico and experimental blast

25. Truman Becomes President

26. How does nuclear energy work?
fission, or 'splitting' of an atom
Split atom strikes other atoms and starts chain reaction
Results in release of tremendous amounts of energy
Also results in Fallout
Radioactive particles lifted into atmosphere descend back to earth
Trinitite. The bomb melted the sand into this greenish glass. It was named trinitite after Trinity.

28. Describe the bombing of Hiroshima.
August 6, 1945
Enola Gay dropped atomic bomb on Hiroshima
Heat reached 3 thousand degrees Fahrenheit
Killed at least 75,000 people
Over the years more died from radiation
When no surrender came, Nagasaki bombed Aug. 9 killing 50 thousand more
Japan formally surrendered Sept. 2 on USS Missouri
7-12
Click pic for clip
Begin at 1 minute

29. 2:21-

30. Hiroshima

31. “The homes of many of us have been destroyed, and the lives of old and young have been taken. There's scarcely a household that hasn't been struck to the heart. Why, in all conscience, should these be the ones to suffer?.....Are these our soldiers? Are these our fighters? Why should they be sacrificed? I shall tell you why. Because this is not only a war of soldiers in uniform, it is a war of the people, and it must be fought not only on the battlefield but in the cities and in the villages, in the factories, and on the farms, in the home and in the heart of every man, woman, and child who loves freedom. This is a peoples war, it is our war, we are the fighters, fight it, then. Fight it with all that is in us. And may God defend the right.”– Closing sermon of Mrs. Miniver

36. Nagasaki

38. The explosion created a supersonic shock wave which was responsible for destroying most of the buildings in the blast zone.   Fully half of the bomb's released energy was released in the form of this wind, which spread out at 440 meters per second (1600 km/hr or 1000 miles/hr; the speed of sound is 330 meters per second).   It not only knocked things down, it also filled the air with debris.   The section of concrete wall below has numerous glass shards embedded in it, even though it was 2200 meters (one and a half miles) from the hypocenter, and sheltered from the blast by a low hill.

39. Nagasaki before Attack

40. Nagasaki after

41. Hiroshima (Before and After Aug. 6, 1945)

42. Seizo Yamada's ground level photo taken from approximately 7 km northeast of Hiroshima.

43. The Survivors

44. Was Truman correct/justified in using the atomic bomb
Was Truman correct/justified in using the atomic bomb? play clip from minute 41
Truman’s Options
Invade Japan
Wait for Soviet Help
Compromise (allow Emperor Hirohitto to remain)
Drop Bomb