1. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 1 PowerPoint Presentation Publisher The Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Tinley Park, Illinois

2. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 2 Chapter 24 Residential Plumbing

3. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 3 Chapter 24 Overview Introduction Water Supply System In-House Water Treatment Devices Water and Waste Removal Plumbing Fixtures Water Conservation Private Sewage Disposal System

4. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 4 Learning Objectives Discuss the purpose of a residential plumbing system. Identify the elements contained in a residential water supply system. Identify the elements of a residential water and waste removal system. (continued)

5. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 5 Learning Objectives Explain the operation of various in- house water treatment systems. Explain the layout of a private sewage disposal system.

6. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 6 Introduction The residential plumbing system is often taken for granted, but it is an important part of the house. Provides an adequate supply of water and removes waste. There are three principal parts: –Water supply system. –Water and waste removal system. –Plumbing fixtures.

7. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 7 Water Supply System The water supply system begins at the city water main or private water source. The supply pipe that enters the house is known as the building main.building main Water treatment devices may be necessary in the building main. Building main branches after treatment into the cold and hot water mains. (continued)

8. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 8 Water Supply System Schematic of a residential water supply system that shows the various components. (continued)

9. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 9 Water Supply System The cold water main provides unheated water to the cold water branch lines.cold water main Cold water branch lines are connected to each fixture.Cold water branch lines Branch lines are smaller than mains. (continued)

10. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 10 Water Supply System The water heater is located in the hot water main. The hot water main supplies heated water to the hot water branch lines.hot water mainhot water branch lines The hot water branch lines are connected to each fixture that requires hot water. (continued)

11. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 11 Water Supply System The hot water main connects to the top of this electric water heater. (Marathon Water Heater Company) (continued)

12. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 12 Water Supply System Factors affecting the location of pipes: –Freezing in cold climates. –Pipe size: When a large pipe, such as a drain, must pass through a joist, the joist should be blocked to prevent severe weakening of the member. (continued)

13. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 13 Water Supply System Blocking a joist to prevent severe weakening of the member. (continued)

14. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 14 Water Supply System Pipes used in the water supply system: –Threaded galvanized steel pipe. –Plastic pipe with cemented joints. –Copper tubing with soldered joints. –Pipes underground or in concrete must be special heavy-duty copper tubing with flare-type joints. Some codes permit plastic pipe for cold water or drain lines. (continued)

15. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 15 Water Supply System Galvanized steel, copper, and plastic pipe and fittings are used in residential plumbing systems. (continued)

16. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 16 Water Supply System This plumbing installation utilizes copper pipe and fittings for the water supply system and plastic pipe for the drain system. (continued)

17. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 17 Water Supply System Copper tubing is widely used for water supply systems. Rigid copper tubing (type L) and copper fittings are typical for all interior work. Copper pipe in 1/2", 3/4", 1" and larger are available. Mains are at least 3/4" and branch lines are at least 1/2" in diameter. (continued)

18. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 18 Water Supply System Each main line, branch line, and fixture must have a shutoff valve. Efficiency may be improved if hot water lines are insulated. Cold water lines may be insulated to prevent excess condensation. Air compression chambers reduce pipe noise during use. (continued)

19. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 19 Water Supply System A typical air chamber used at each faucet to reduce noise by cushioning the water flow. (continued)

20. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 20 Water Supply System An electric on-demand water heater located under the sink provides instant hot water. (A. O. Smith Water Products Company)

21. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 21 Water Treatment Devices Water treatment devices can improve water quality by removing odors, minerals, or other undesirable traits. There are four main types of in-house water treatment devices: –Reverse osmosis. –Distillation. –Water softeners. –Activated carbon.

22. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 22 Water Treatment Devices In a reverse osmosis system, water is forced through a semipermeable membrane.reverse osmosis system –Purified water is collected in a small storage tank. –Can remove 90% to 99% of impurities. –Not effective for high levels of minerals. –Wastes 3 gallons of water for each one gallon produced.

23. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 23 Water Treatment Devices A distillation system heats water to make steam, which is then condensed to produce distilled water.distillation system –Removes most dissolved solids, such as salts and heavy metals. –Not effective against volatile organic compounds. –The process is very slow.

24. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 24 Water Treatment Devices A water softener forces hard water through a canister filled with a synthetic resin to exchange ions.water softener –Ion exchange dissolves mineral ions and replaces them with soft ions in the resin.Ion exchange –Sodium-based water softeners add a small amount of sodium to the water.

25. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 25 Water Treatment Devices In an activated carbon system, water is forced through a canister filled with activated carbon granules.activated carbon system –Granules trap contaminants that can produce bad odors and taste. –Some systems can remove lead. –Can produce 1/3 to 3 gallons of treated water per minute.

26. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 26 Water and Waste Removal Used water and other wastes are carried to the sanitary sewer or septic tank through the waste removal system. These pipes are isolated from the water supply system. Pipes are larger than supply pipes, sloped, vented, and have provisions for cleanout.

27. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 27 Water and Waste Removal Schematic of a residential water and waste removal system.

28. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 28 Water and Waste Removal The drainage system is not under pressure and depends on gravity to carry the waste to the sewer. Drain pipes are usually 4" in diameter, smooth inside, and have few sharp turns. Cast iron pipes are used extensively, but copper and brass alloy, fiber, and plastic pipes are used as well.

29. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 29 Water and Waste Removal A vertical drain pipe that collects waste from one or more fixtures is called a soil stack.soil stack Soil stacks that drain water closets are called main stacks. main stacks –Every house must have at least one main stack, which is generally 3" in diameter. –Each bathroom must have a main stack. Stacks that do not drain water closets are called secondary stacks.secondary stacks –Secondary stacks are 1-1/2" diameter.

30. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 30 Water and Waste Removal Fixtures are connected to the stack using a branch main. branch main All stacks extend into basement or crawl space and empty into the house drain.house drain –All houses must have at least one house drain, but may have several. The house drain becomes the house sewer once it is outside the house.house sewer –The house sewer empties into the city sanitary sewer or private septic system.

31. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 31 Water and Waste Removal Gases from the system dissipate through the vent stack—12" above roof.vent stack –The vent stack provides an air inlet for the drainage system to operate properly A trap is installed below each fixture to prevent gases from entering the housetrap –The trap is always filled with water –Water closets have a built-in trap Each stack requires a cleanout at the base.cleanout

32. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 32 Water and Waste Removal A water trap blocks the escape of gases from the drain system.

33. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 33 Water and Waste Removal The National Plumbing Code requires cleanouts at the base of all stacks and where plumbing makes a sharp bend.

34. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 34 Water and Waste Removal A stack wall contains the soil and vent stacks.stack wall –A 4" cast iron pipe will not fit inside a standard 2" x 4" stud wall. –The stack wall is a 2" x 6" stud wall.

35. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 35 Water and Waste Removal Sump pumps are required in basements to remove groundwater and discharge it into the house drain, storm drain, or outside.

36. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 36 Plumbing Fixtures The third part of the residential plumbing system is the fixtures. A plumbing fixture is any device, such as a bathtub, that requires water.plumbing fixture Fixtures are expensive, so choose them wisely. The National Code specifies minimum clearance around certain fixtures.

37. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 37 Plumbing Fixtures Fixtures such as these bathroom fixtures are the most obvious part of the plumbing system because they are visible. (Photo Courtesy of Kohler Co.)

38. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 38 Plumbing Fixtures Roughing-in specifications for a typical residential bathroom fixture are usually supplied by the manufacturer. (Courtesy of Kohler Co.)

39. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 39 Water Conservation Old-style water closets are gravity powered and use 5 to 6 gallons per flush. Water closets today have a pressurized tank and use 1.6 gallons per flush. Flow rate for showerheads, kitchen faucets, and lavatory faucets is 2.5 gallons per minute at 80 psi pressure.

40. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 40 Water Conservation This water closet (right) uses a maximum of 1.6 gpf with option of a light flush of 1.1 gpf. (Photo Courtesy of Kohler Co.)

41. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 41 Private Sewage Disposal System Private sewage disposal systems are called septic systems.septic systems Septic systems are used where public sewers are not available. A septic system has two components: –Septic tank. –Disposal field. Proper disposal of sewage is important.

42. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 42 Private Sewage Disposal System A permit from the health department is required to install a septic system. A minimum distance from a well is required. The site must have adequate area and the proper soil. The minimum lot size is usually one acre.

43. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 43 Private Sewage Disposal System Recommended minimum dimensions for placement of a private septic system and water well with respect to the house and property lines.

44. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 44 Private Sewage Disposal System In a septic system, sewage from the house sewer enters the septic tank. The septic tank performs two functions:septic tank –Removes about 75% of the solids. –Provides storage space for settled solids. The septic tank should be watertight. Tank liquid capacity should be 1-1/2 times the sewage flow over a 24 hour period and no less than 750 gallons.

45. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 45 Private Sewage Disposal System Construction of a typical cast concrete septic tank.

46. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 46 Private Sewage Disposal System The disposal field receives liquid sewage from the septic tank and allows it to seep into the soil.disposal field –Also called the drain field or leach field. –Porous soil is ideal for a disposal field. –Drain lines in the disposal field are nearly level and about 2' below the surface of the ground or below the frost line. –If the field becomes flooded, it will cease to function so water should be diverted away.

47. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 47 Private Sewage Disposal System Plan view drawing of a septic tank and disposal field.

48. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 48 Private Sewage Disposal System A disposal field may be constructed using perforated tile in individual trenches or in a continuous bed.

49. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 49 Private Sewage Disposal System The suitability of the soil for a disposal field must be determined by soil tests. –These tests are known as percolation tests.percolation tests –They determine how readily the soil absorbs water. See Figure 24-18 in the text. –The rate is determined by filling a test hole with water.

50. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 50 Private Sewage Disposal System Field Size Calculation –For a three bedroom home with a percolation rate of 25 minutes per inch. –3 x 375 square feet (from Figure 24-18) equals 1125 square feet. –2-1/2 x 1125 square feet equals 2,812 square feet for the disposal field. –This includes space for future expansion and replacement.

51. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 51 Glossary Activated Carbon System. A water treatment device in which the line pressure forces water through one or more canisters filled with activated carbon granules. These granules trap contaminates such as chlorine, organic chemicals, and pesticides. Branch Main. Connects each fixture to the stack; these pipes must slope toward the stack to facilitate drainage. Building Main. The water supply pipe that enters the house.

52. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 52 Glossary Cleanout. Permits the use of a cable to free waste from the house drain or sewer. Cold Water Branch Lines. Run from the cold water main to each of the fixtures. Cold Water Main. Extends to various parts of the house to provide unheated water to the fixtures. Disposal Field. One of the two components of a septic system; receives sewage in liquid form from the septic tank and allows it to seep into the soil.

53. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 53 Glossary Distillation System. A water treatment device in which water is heated to make steam, which is then condensed in a coil to produce distilled water. Hot Water Branch Lines. Run from the hot water main to each fixture. Hot Water Main. Supplies heated water to the fixtures that require it. House Drain. A drain line into which all stacks empty.

54. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 54 Glossary House Sewer. The house drain outside of the house that empties into the city sanitary sewer or a private septic system. Ion Exchange. Causes the hard calcium and magnesium ions to be dissolved and exchanged for soft ions in the resin within a water softener. Main Stack. A plumbing stack that has a water closet draining into it.

55. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 55 Glossary Percolation Test. A soil test that determines the suitability of the soil for a septic disposal field. Plumbing Fixture. Any device, such as a bathtub, shower, water closet, sink, dishwasher, etc., that requires water. Reverse Osmosis System. A water treatment device in which the line pressure forces water through a semipermeable membrane. The purified water is collected in a small storage tank, while the contaminants, which were unable to pass through the membrane, are drained away.

56. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 56 Glossary Secondary Stacks. Plumbing stacks that do not drain water closets. Septic Systems. Private sewage disposal systems that are used for rural and isolated home sites that cannot be connected to public sewers. Septic Tank. One of the two components of a septic system; removes about 75% of the solids from the sewage by bacterial action before discharging the sewage into the disposal field; also provides storage space for the settled solids while they undergo digestive action.

57. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 57 Glossary Soil Stack. A vertical drain pipe that collects waste from one or more fixtures. Stack Wall. A wall framed with 2" x 6" studs and housing a plumbing stack. Trap. Installed below each fixture to prevent gases from escaping through the fixture drain into the house. Vent Stack. Dissipates sewer gases into the air; the portion of the soil stack that protrudes about 12" above the roof.

58. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 58 Glossary Water Softener. A water treatment device that uses the line pressure to push hard water through a canister filled with a synthetic resin where a process called ion exchange is performed. Ion exchange causes the hard calcium and magnesium ions to be dissolved and exchanged for soft ions in the resin.