1. The Skeletal System
Chapter 6

2. Structure and Function of the Skeletal System
Lesson 1

3. Do Now Read I.C.E “Broken Bones” Answer:
1.  List and describe 3 types of fracture.
2. When should fracture be suspected?
3. Describe the 4 steps of bone repair

4. Functions of the Skeleton
Support
Protection
Produce blood cells in the red marrow
All fetal bones have red marrow, only certain adult bones have red marrow
Store minerals and fat
Ca, P, yellow marrow)
Movement

5. Types of Bones Long: longer than wide Short: cube Flat
Irregular: round

6. Long Bones Periosteum Epiphysis: expanded portions at ends of the bone
Continuous with ligaments and tendons
Connective tissue covering
Protection
Blood vessels
Epiphysis: expanded portions at ends of the bone
Diaphysis: between epiphyses
Medullary cavity
Inside shaft (diaphysis)
Stores yellow marrow (fat)
Articular cartilage: hyaline where bones meet at a joint

8. In class assignment
Exercise 5.2 worksheet

9. Homework
Text pg “Study Questions” # 1-5

10. Bone Composition
Lesson 2

11. Do Now Label the Diagram in your notebooks.
Take out homework from last night
Take out Worksheet Exercise 5.2

12. Red Bone Marrow Found in long bones Site of hematopoiesis: red
blood cell (RBC) formation
Location:
Skull
Ribs
Sternum
Vertebrae
Ends of long bones

13. Compact/Cortical Bone
Dense, outer surface of the bone
Osteocytes: bone cells
Canaliculi: bring O2 and nutrients to osteocytes
Central canal
Contains blood vessels and nerves
Connect osteocytes

14. Spongy Bone
Cancellous
Lighter
Compact
Strong
Can withstand stress

15. Bone Growth Osteoprogenitor: unspecialized cells
Osteoblasts: Build/form bones
Osteocytes: mature bone cells
Osteoclasts
Found in red bone marrow
Break down bone to be reabsorbed into the bloodstream

16. Ossification Formation of bone
Intramembranous: bone develops between fibrous connective tissue
Ex: skull
Endochrondral: cartilage breaks down and lays down spongy bone which thickens and becomes compact
Epiphyseal plate
band of cartilage between primary and secondary ossification sites
Rate of growth is controlled by hormones
When the plates close growth stops

17. In class assignment
Long bone worksheet

18. Cranium
Lesson 3

19. Do Now
Chapter 21 Study guide worksheet

20. Axial Appendicular Cranium (head) Vertebrae (spinal column)
Thoracic bones (ribs)
Upper limbs
Pelvis (hip bone)
Lower limbs

21. Cranium Immovable joints 6 bones
1 frontal
2 parietal
1 Occipital
2 temporal
Newborns have fontanels which are not fused

23. Frontal: forehead, nose, eyesockets
Parietal: sides of head
Occipital: posterior of skull
Foramen magnum: hole for spinal cord
Occiptal condyle: rounded on sides of foramen magnum
Attaches to c1
Temporal: inferior to parietal

24. Temporal External acoustic meatus: ear canal
Mandibular fossa: meets jaw
Mastoid process: attaches to neck muscles
Styloid process: attaches tongue and larynx
Zygomatic process: cheekbone
Sphenoid bone: floor of cranium near eyes, butterfly shape
Sella turcica: pituitary gland depression
Ethmoid bone: anterior to sphenoid, floor of cranium, forms nasal cavity
Crista galli: triangle attachment for brain membranes
Cribriform plate: holes for nerves and nose sensors
Perpendicular plate: forms superior nasal septum
Superior middle nasal conchae: increases nasal cavity, attaches nasal mucous membranes

25. In class assignment
Labeling diagrams

28. Homework
Text pg. 126 “Study Questions” # 6

29. Facial Bones
Lesson 4

30. Do Now
Video: The Skull

31. Facial Bones 2 Maxillae: upper jaw Vomer bone: 2 Zygomatic bones:
Palantine process: roof of mouth
Alveolar process: tooth sockets
2 Zygomatic bones:
Cheekbones
Zygomatic arch
2 Lacrimal bones:
Between the eyes/nose
Holes for tear ducts
2 Nasal Bones:
Bridge of nose
Cartilage
Vomer bone:
inferior position of nasal septum
Joins ethmoid bone and perpendicular plate
2 Inferior nasal conchae:
Lateral walls of nasal cavity
Mandible: lower jaw/chin
Mandibular condyle: attaches to temporal bone
Coronoid process: chewing muscle attachment

32. Hyoid Bone Superior to larynx Does not articulate with any other bone
Suspended
Anchors tongue and swallowing muscles

33. In class assignment
Skull labeling diagrams

34. Homework
Test Items worksheet

35. Cranium Quiz
Practicum and Written

36. Vertebral Column
Lesson 5

37. Do Now
Video: The Vertebral Column

38. Vertebral Column 1 curve in the fetus
Cervical curve forms 3-4 months after birth
Curves provide support
Protects spinal cord
Skull to pelvis
~33 bones
7 cervical (neck)
C1: atlas
C2: axis
12 thoracic (chest)
5 lumbar (low back)
5 fused sacral
3-5 fused coccyx (tailbone)

39. Disorders of the Spine Kyphosis Lordosis Scoliosis
When do these abnormalities occur? Where? What can be don’t to correct?

40. Intervertebral Disks Cartilage disks found between vertebral bones
Prevent grinding
Shock absorption
Allow flexion/extension/lateral movements

41. Herniated Disk Slip or rupture of the cartilaginous disk
Can press on the spinal nerves and cause pain
Treatment:
Repair
Removal – vertebrae are fused together and provide substantially less range of motion

42. Vertebral Structures Vertebrae are small at the top of the spine
Why?
Vertebrae are larger at the bottom of the spine
Foramen: hole for the spinal cord to pass from the brain

43. In class assignment
Vertebrae Worksheet

44. Homework
Complete worksheet

45. Vertebral Column Quiz
Written and Practical

46. Thoracic Cavity
Lesson 6

47. Do Now
Take out and Check Answers to the homework sheet

48. Atlas and Axis 2 special cervical vertebrae C1 and C2
Atlas: supports and balances the head (nodding)
Axis: allows shaking of the head (no)
Odontoid process connects it to the atlas

49. Rib Cage Protective (heart/lungs) Flexible (breathing)
12 pairs (24 total)
Connect to thoracic vertebrae
“True ribs”: first 7 pairs which connect to the sternum by costal cartilage
“False ribs”: 5 pairs which do not attach to the sternum

50. Sternum Breastbone 3 bones: 1. Manubrium (superior) ribs 1-2
2. Body (Middle/largest) ribs 3-7
3. Xiphoid (inferior/smallest) no ribs
- attaches to diaphragm
- separates thoracic and abdominal cavities
- site for CPR

51. Appendicular Skeleton
Pectoral Girdle:
2 clavicles
2 scapulae
Upper Limb:
2 humerus
2 radius
2 ulna
14 carpals
28 phalanges
Pelvic Girdle:
2 coxal bones
Sacrum
coccyx
Lower Limb:
2 femur
2 tibia
2 fibula
14 tarsals
10 metatarsals

52. In class assignment Thoracic Labeling Diagrams

53. Homework
Text pg 126 “Study Questions” # 9

54. Thoracic and Pelvic Girdle Quiz
Written and Practical

55. Upper Limb
Lesson 7

56. Do Now
Video:The Appendicular Skeleton: Upper Limb

57. Clavicle Collarbone Slender “s” shaped
Articulates with manubrium and sternum
Weak

58. Scapula Structures Shoulder blades Broad Flexible Not connected Spine
Acromion process:
articulates with clavicle
Attaches arm and chest muscles
Coracoid process
Glenoid cavity
Articulates with humerus

59. Humerus Distal End Proximal End Capitulum: Head: Trochlea:
Lateral condyle articulates with the radial head
Trochlea:
Condyle articulates with the ulna
Coronoid fossa:
Depression for ulna during flexion
Olecranon fossa:
Depression for ulna during extension
Head:
Articulates with
glenoid cavity of
scapula
Greater and lesser tubercles:
Attach muscles to move the arm and shoulder
Intertubercular groove:
Holds biceps brachii
Deltoid tuberosity:
Attaches deltoid

60. Radius Proximal End Distal End Head:
Articulates with capitulum of humerus and ulna
Radial tuberosity:
Attaches biceps brachii
Ulnar notch:
Articulates with the head of the ulna
Styloid process:
Attaches wrist ligaments

61. Ulna Distal End Proximal End Head: Styloid process: Coronoid process:
Articulates with the ulnar notch of the radius
Styloid process:
Attaches wrist ligaments
Proximal End
Coronoid process:
Articulates with the coronoid fossa of the humerus during flexion
Olecranon process:
Articulates with the olecranon process of the humerus during extension
Trochlear notch:
Articulates with the troclear notch of the humerus
Radial notch:
Articulates with the head of the radius

62. Carpals 8 bones Scaphoid Lunate Triquetrum Pisiform Hamate Capitate
Trapezoid
Trapezium

63. Metacarpals 5 bones – 1-5 from the thumb Thumb:
1st metacarpal
Can touch all fingers
Metacarpal heads are visible when the fist is clenches

64. Phalanges Thumb: 4 fingers: 2 bones (proximal, distal)
3 bones (proximal, medial, distal)

65. In class assignment Upper Limb Labeling Diagrams

66. Homework
Text pg. 126”Study Questions” # 10 & 11

67. Upper Limb Quiz
Written and Practical

68. Pelvic Girdle
Lesson 8

69. Do Now
Video: The Appendicular Skeleton: Lower Limb (2) Pelvic Girdle

70. Coxal Bones Illium: Ischium Pubis
All 3 meet together at the acetabulum which articulates with the head of the femur

71. Illium Flares outward Iliac crest: Anterior/posterior iliac spine:
Prominance (hip bones)
Anterior/posterior iliac spine:
End points of crest
Greater sciatic notch:
Connects to sacrum
Blood vessels
Sciatic nerve

72. Ischium Ischial tubersity: Ischial spine: What you “sit” on
Between iliium and ischium
Determines the size of the pelvis

73. Pubis Pubic symphysis: Obturator foramen: Joins both pubic bones
Hole for blood vessels and nerves

74. Gender Differences Male Female Broader Thicker More flared Heavier
Muscle attachment sites are larger
Broader
More flared
Wider
Lighter
Thinner

75. In class assignment
Pelvic Girdle diagram

76. Homework
Text pg. 126 “Study Questions” # 12 & 13

77. Lower Limb
Lesson 9

78. Do Now
Take out Homework from Tuesday
Take out Skeletal System Notes

79. Femur Distal End Proximal End Medial/lateral epicondyle:
Attaches muscles and ligaments
Lateral/medial condyle:
Articulates with the tibia
Patellar surface:
Between condyles
Anterior
Articulates with the patella
Proximal End
Head:
articulates with the acetabulum of the coxal bone
Greater/lesser trochanters:
Attaches thigh muscles
Linea aspera:
Attaches muscles

80. Patella
Kneecap
Protects knee joint

81. Tibia Thick Weight bearing Medial/lateral condyles: Tibial tuberosity:
Articulates with the femur
Tibial tuberosity:
Attaches to patellar ligaments
Anterior crest:
shin
Medial malleolus:
Bulge on the inner ankle
Articulates with the talus

82. Fibula Slender Lateral to tibia
Articulates with the tibia below the lateral condyle
Lateral malleolus:
Articulates with the talus
Outer bulge
Stabilizes ankle

83. Tarsals 7 bones per ankle Talus moves freely
Joins with tibia and fibula
Calcaneus (heel)

84. Metatarsals 5 bones per foot Distal ends (balls of feet) Form arches
Longitudinal
Transverse

85. Phalanges 14 bones per foot 1st toe has 2 bones (proximal, distal)
4 toes have 3 bones (proximal, medial, distal)

86. In class assignment
ARIS labeling diagram

87. Homework
Text pg. 126 “Study Questions” # 14

88. Upper and Lower Limb Quiz
Written and Practical

89. Joints
Lesson 10

90. Do Now

91. Joints Classified by the amount of movement: Synarthrosis - Immovable
Amphiarthrosis – Slightly Movable
Diarthrosis - Freely Movable

92. Classified by Structure
Fibrous
Fibrous connective tissue
Binds bone to bone
Usually immovable
Cartilaginous
Fibrocartilage or hyaline
Bind bones
Usually slightly movable
Synovial
Bones do not touch
Enclosed in capsule
Usually freely movable

93. Fibrous (Sutures) Coronal Lamboidal Squamosal Sagittal Tooth/socket
Between parietal and frontal
Lamboidal
Between parietal and occipital
Squamosal
Between parietal and temporal
Sagittal
Between parietals
Tooth/socket

94. Cartilaginous Ribs Pubic symphysis
Joined to sternum by costal cartilage
Pubic symphysis
Expands during pregnancy
Controlled by hormones

95. Synovial Joint cavity Synovial membrane Synovial fluid Move freely
Stabilized by ligaments and tendons
Bones protected by hyaline cartilage and menisci and bursae

96. In class assignment
labeling: joints

97. Homework
Text pg. 126 “Study Questions” # 15

98. Synovial Joints
Lesson 11

99. Do Now

100. Types of Synovial Joints
Saddle
Ball and socket
Pivot
Hinge
Gliding
Condyloid

101. Saddle Joint
Fits complementary
Ex: metacarpals

102. Ball and Socket Joint Ball fits into cup shape Wide range of motion
Rotation
Ex: shoulder/hip

103. Pivot Joint One bone pivots around another
Ex: proximal ends of the radius and ulna/ between the atlas and axis

104. Hinge Joint
Convex/concave
Ex: knee/elbow

105. Gliding Joint
Flat
Sliding or twisting motion
Ex: wrist/ankle

106. Condyloid Joint Oval Move in different planes No rotation
Ex between metacarpals and phalanges

107. Synovial Joint Movements
Angular
Circular
Special
Flexion
Circumduction
Inversion
Extension
Rotation
Eversion
Adductions
Supination
Elevation
Abduction
Pronation
Depression

108. Homeostasis Protect internal organs Assist all phases of respiration
Store and release calcium
Assist lymphatic system and immune system
Assist digestion
locomotion

109. In class assignment
Joint packet

110. Homework
Text pg. 126 “Study Questions” # 16-18

111. Review
Lesson 12