1. Exercise Science Section 2: The Skeletal System
An Introduction to Health and Physical Education
Ted Temertzoglou Paul Challen
ISBN

2. Role of the Skeleton Protection Framework Attachments for muscles
Storehouse for essential nutrients
Blood-cell formation
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3. About Bone …
Composed of 50% water and 50% organic and inorganic material
Elements include: phosphorous, zinc, calcium, magnesium, fluorine, iron, chlorine
Resists compression and tension
Bound by joints (through ligaments)
Muscles attach to bone (through tendons) to produce movement
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4. Axial vs. Appendicular Skeleton
The axial skeleton consists of 80 bones:
26 vertebral column
1 hyoid
22 skull
6 auditory
25 ribs
The appendicular skeleton consists of 126 bones:
64 upper extremity
62 lower extremity
Axial (80) + Appendicular (126) = 206 bones
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5. Five Types of Bones Long Found in arms and legs Short
Found in wrists and ankles
Flat
Bones of the skull
Irregular
Bones of the vertebrae
Sesamoid
Wrapped within tendons (patella)
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6. Anatomy of a Long Bone Cartilage Periosteum Medullary cavity
Compact bone
Cancellous bone
Epiphysis
Diaphysis
Epiphysis
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7. Human Skeleton Anterior view
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8. Human Skeleton Posterior view
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9. The Skull – Anterior View
Frontal bone
Parietal bone
Temporal bone
Nasal bone
Zygomatic bone
Maxilla
Mandible
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10. The Skull – Lateral View
Frontal bone
Parietal bone
Temporal bone
Zygomatic bone
Occipital bone
Maxilla
Nuchal line
Mastoid process
External auditory meatus
Mandible
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11. The Vertebral Column – Lateral View
Atlas
Axis
Cervical region
Seventh cervical vertebra
Intervertebral disk
Thoracic region
Twelfth thoracic vertebra
First lumbar vertebra
Lumbar region
Fifth lumbar vertebra
Sacrum
Sacral and coccygeal region
Coccyx
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12. Thoracic Cage – Anterior View
First thoracic vertebra
Manubrium
Sternum
Seven true ribs
Body
Xiphoid process
Three false ribs
Two floating ribs
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13. Thoracic Cage – Posterior View
Clavicle
Scapula
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14. Left Scapula – Anterior View
Acromion process
Coracoid process
Glenoid cavity
Subscapular fossa
Lateral border
Medial border
Inferior angle
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15. Left Scapula – Lateral View
Acromion
Coracoid process
Supraglenoid tubercle
Glenoid fossa
Infraglenoid tubercle
Subscapular fossa
Lateral border
Inferior angle
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16. Left Scapula – Posterior View
Coracoid process
Scapular notch
Acromion process
Superior angle
Supraspinous fossa
Glenoid cavity
Scapular spine
Infraglenoid tubercle
Infraspinous fossa
Medial border
Lateral border
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17. Left Humerus – Anterior View
Head
Greater tubercle
Lesser tubercle
Intertubercular (bicipital) groove
Deltoid tuberosity
Shaft
Capitulum
Radial fossa
Coronoid fossa
Medial epicondyle
Lateral epicondyle
Trochlea
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18. Left Humerus – Posterior View
Head
Deltoid tuberosity
Shaft
Olecranon fossa
Lateral epicondyle
Medial epicondyle
Trochlea
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19. Left Ulna – Anterior View
Olecranon
Olecranon process
Trochlear (semilunar) notch
Coronoid process
Radial notch of ulna
Ulna tuberosity
Styloid process of ulna
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20. Left Radius – Anterior View
Head
Radial tuberosity
Styloid process of radius
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21. Left Hand – Anterior View
Ulna
Radius
Scaphoid bone
Hamate bone
Carpals (proximal)
Lunate bone
Capitate bone
Triquetrum bone
Carpals (distal)
Trapezoid bone
Pisiform bone
Trapezium bone
Metacarpals
Sesamoid bone
Proximal phalax (of thumb)
Distal phalanx (of thumb)
Phalanges (Digits)
Proximal phalanx (of finger)
Middle phalanx (of finger)
Distal phalanx (of finger)
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22. Pelvis (Male) – Anterior View
Crest of ilium
Sacrum
Sacroiliac joint
Ilium
Anterior superior iliac spine
Anterior inferior iliac spine
Os coxae
Acetabulum
Pubis
Ischium
Obturator foramen
Superior ramis of pubis
Symphysis pubis
Inferior ramis of pubis
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23. Pelvis (Male) – Posterior View
Fifth lumbar vertebra
Sacrum
Posterior superior iliac spine
Posterior inferior iliac spine
Ischial spine
Ischial tuberosity
Coccyx
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24. Right Femur – Anterior View
Head
Greater trochanter
Neck
Intertrochanteric line
Lesser trochanter
Shaft
Adductor tubercle
Lateral epicondyle
Medial epicondyle
Patellar groove
Medial condyle
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25. Right Femur – Posterior View
Head
Greater trochanter
Neck
Intertrochanteric crest
Lesser trochanter
Gluteal tuberosity
Pectineal line
Linea aspera
Shaft
Intercondylar fossa
Adductor tubercle
Medial epicondyle
Lateral epicondyle
Lateral condyle
Medial condyle
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26. Right Fibula and Tibia – Anterior View
Intercondylar eminence
Lateral condyle of tibia
Medial condyle of tibia
Head
Tibial tuberosity
Intercondylar eminence
Lateral condyle
Medial condyle
Anterior crest
Tibial tuberosity
Fibula
Tibia
Medial malleolus
Lateral malleolus
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27. Right Foot – Superior View
Calcaneus
Talus
Tarsals
Cuboid
Navicular
Medial cuneiform
Intermediate cuneiform
Metatarsals
Lateral cuneiform
Proximal phalanx
Phalanges (Digits)
Middle phalanx
Proximal phalanx (of great toe)
Distal phalanx
Distal phalanx (of great toe)
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28. Bone Formation and Remodelling
Ossification (bone formation ) takes two forms:
Compact bone (begins as cartilage):
Osteoblasts discharge osteoid into which minerals are deposited to form the hardened material recognized as bone
Cancellous bone (begins as fibrous membranes):
Osteoblasts release osteoid into membrane which forms a sponge-like bundle of fibres
Cancellous bone formation develops outward from these centres in the membrane
Bone remodelling has two main phases:
Osteoclasts release acids and enzymes to remove old bone
Osteoblasts deposit new tissue
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29. Epiphyseal Plates and Lines
Epiphyseal plates (growth plates)
Occur at various locations at the epiphyses of long bones
Growth possible
Epiphyseal lines
Occur when epiphyseal plates have fused or come together
Growth not possible
Epiphyseal line
Epiphyseal plate
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30. Types of Fractures Stress fracture – most difficult to detect
Simple fracture – no separation (hairline fracture)
Compound fracture – bone breaks into separate pieces
Comminuted fracture – bone shatters into many pieces
Simple fracture
Compound fracture
Comminuted fracture
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31. Effects of Aging – Skeletal System
Remodelling declines from fourth decade onward
Process of bone remodelling reverses – resorption occurs
Results in a 5–0% loss in bone mass per subsequent decade
Affects overall calcium levels in the body
Osteoporosis (low bone mass and deterioration of the bone tissue) may result from resorption
Leads to bone fragility
Increased susceptibility to bone fractures
Preventative measures include:
Balanced diet rich in calcium and vitamin D, and a healthy lifestyle
Weight-bearing exercises
Bone density testing and medication when appropriate
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32. ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003
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