1. PSYCHOLOGY: MOTIVATION & EMOTION
In the chapter we will discuss several theories on Motivation and hopefully answer the questions on this slide.

2. What else might make you hungry?
What motivates you to eat? Is it physiological (physical) factors or psychological (mental) factors? Could it be a combination of both? Did the pictures in the previous slides make you hungry? If they did, then you were psychologically motivated.
What else might make you hungry?

3. PSYCHOLOGY: MOTIVATION & EMOTION
What is going on? Did you know that you were motivated by the need for contact comfort? Harry Harlow says so.

4. Motivation is what drives us to seek a specific goal
Motivation is what drives us to seek a specific goal. We are motivated to eat drink, play, make friends, etc. We are motivated by our needs and wants.

5. Emotion is a state of the body that causes feelings according to how we view a situation, with fear, hope, love, etc.

6. Motivation and emotion both involve physiological (physical, all the functions of a living organism or any of its parts) and psychological (mental processes and behavior) factors

7. Physiological factors are a result of the following body parts.
Hypothalamus: part of inner brain responsible for pleasure and pain (primary motivators) as well as center of fear, rage, hunger, thirst, etc.

9. If the hypothalamus controls hunger, can a problem with the hypothalamus cause obesity?
YES, but other issues can lead to obesity as well
The answer to the question is yes. However, that alone does not cause obesity. Humans are programmed by rituals which tell us it is ok to eat so many times a day. An issue with the hypothalamus can cause a person to never feel full though and lead them to eat more. A rat with a damaged hypothalamus grew to five times the normal weight for a rat. We will discuss other issues that lead to obesity shortly.

10. Almost any emotional or motivational state involves taking some kind of action or increase in activity level.
Reticular formation: part of inner brain that will control level of activity of the person, including sleep.

11. These parts of the brain cannot do the job alone
These parts of the brain cannot do the job alone. They need the help of the body’s chemical system.
Pituitary gland: located below hypothalamus; controls other glands; regulates growth; sends signal to adrenal glands
Adrenal glands: secrete adrenaline that makes the body’s heartbeat, breathing, etc. increase
Try This to emphasize the speed at which adrenaline operates. Suddenly pull a students to the front of the room. Tell the students that his or her task is to make the rest of the class laugh. After ten or twenty seconds, ask the person to report any physiological reactions; faster heart beat? Faster breathe? Perspiration?

12. What about the motivation to have sex
What about the motivation to have sex? There are physiological factors involved in the motivation to have sex as well as psychological factors.

13. These sex glands secrete hormones that control sexual interest
Gonads: two types
Testes: male
Ovaries: female
These sex glands secrete hormones that control sexual interest

14. Sexual interest - the sex hormones
Androgens: male hormone responsible for controlling sexual interest
Estrogen: female hormone responsible for regulating reproductive cycles of body
Both sexes have male and female hormones
For humans, sexuality, as opposed to hunger and thirst, is almost exclusively mental and symbolic though. The average person can go about 3 days without water and 60 to 70 days without food, but a lifetime without sex.
Yes, women have androgens and men have Estrogen. Androgen is more dominant in males and Estrogen more dominant in females though. The Androgen is what arouses sexual interest in both men and women.

15. Lots of things, like our genes, our learning histories, our personalities, and our social experiences, all contribute to motivation. Internal conditions that push us toward, a goal are called drives. External motivations are called incentives.
Drives – Internal conditions that push us toward a goal
Incentives – External conditions that push us toward a goal

16. Homeostasis operates on all of our basic drives.
Ex. Your hunger drive sends you heading toward the refrigerator, and the mint chocolate-chip ice cream in the freezer is an incentive for you to walk faster.
The body’s drives operate in cycles designed to maintain balance over a period of time. A period of high activity is followed by a period of rest. This process is called homeostasis.
Homeostasis works like a thermostat at home that automatically kicks the heat on when the temperature falls below a certain point and automatically turns it off when the home is warm enough.
Homeostasis operates on all of our basic drives.

17. Hunger and thirst are called survival needs
Hunger and thirst are called survival needs. There seems to be a number of factors that control our desires/drives to eat and drink, both psychological (taste) and physiological (stomach contractions, your blood-sugar level is low)
REMEMBER: We are motivated by our needs. When we have the need to eat, we are motivated to eat. GET IT?
If you got hungry by seeing the pictures on this slideshow, it is because your taste receptors were activated. Think about this next time you eat a meal. As you continue to eat, your taste receptors become satisfied and shut down. Notice toward the end of a meal how tasteless your food becomes.

18. The hypothalamus is involved in your physiological motivation to eat and drink. There are other factors that motivate us besides our needs (we will cover them shortly)
What about overweight people? What is wrong with their motivation? Is there anything wrong? We already know that the hypothalamus can be a cause of obesity, but, It could have to do with …
Only a regular program of exercise will gradually change the set point to a limited degree. Set points play a role in obesity. Some people through heredity and a slow metabolism have higher set points than others. This is not an excuse for sit, remember, set points can be changed, but it helps explain obesity a little.
For those crash dieters, have you ever noticed that once you go off of your diet, you tend to gain the weight back if you are not exercising. This has to do with set points. Your body wants to be at your set points in weight.
Set points: body-regulating mechanism that determines a person’s typical weight. Differs in people. If you have a high set point you will be heavy. Can be changed but not easily.

19. Non-Survival needs
Curiosity motive: drive that moves a person to see new and different things
Manipulation motive: drive that moves a person to handle and use objects in the environment. There seems to be some need for change in humans
Intrinsic motivation: motivation from within
Before introducing Curiosity motive, move to the back of the room and begin making nose by banging on something or moving something around. Continue to do this until someone asks what you are doing. Then explain to students that some have a higher curiosity motive than others (they were the first ones to turn around)
At the beginning of class hand out a bunch of toothpicks to several students (tell them they will be used later in class and nothing more). When it comes time to introduce manipulation motive, approach the students with the toothpicks and see if they have manipulated them in any way.
Before introducing intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, ask the class who would like to do a favor for you. Take the first volunteer out into the hall and tell them to wait there for a second. Then, ask the class who would like to do a favor for you and that you will give them a free 100% on there next quiz. More students will volunteer the second time because they were extrinsically motivated.
Extrinsic motivation: motivation from outside

20. Harry Harlow showed the need for contact comfort (satisfaction obtained from pleasant, soft stimulation). There is a physical need for contact comfort. The cerebellum, which is connected to emotional systems needs contact comfort to develop properly or there will be emotional problems.
Monkeys were placed in a cage with two fake mothers. One made of wire that had a bottle attached to feed the monkey and the other covered with terry cloth but no food. Once the monkeys adjusted to having two mothers, a fear test was performed. When the monkeys were frightened by a mechanical wind-up toy, they constantly ran to the terry cloth mother, not the one who fed them. The pleasant physical contact of the cloth made them feel secure.

21. Maslow’s (humanist) hierarchy of needs
Maslow’s (humanist) hierarchy of needs. This is a system that ranks needs one above the other in a pyramid form, with the most basic needs for physical survival at the bottom of the pyramid.
According to Maslow, we are motivated to satisfy our biological needs before we move on to any other needs.
After introducing Maslow’s hierarchy, have students complete Teaching Master 5.3A. Before students begin, present this scenario: You are shipwrecked alone on a desert island. Which of the five needs listed in the middle of the sheet would you need to satisfy first? After satisfying this need, which need would you satisfy next? And so on. Have students write the number 1 next to the first need they would satisfy, a 2 next to the second and so on. GO OVER. Then, have students match the adjectives at the bottom of the sheet with Maslow’s needs.
Ex. If we are starving, worries about our self-esteem take a back seat.

22. The lower the needs in the hierarchy, the more fundamental they are and the more a person will tend to abandon the higher needs in order to pay attention to sufficiently meeting the lower needs. For example, when we are ill, we care little for what others think about us: all we want is to get better.

23. Maslow’s theory is important because it gives us an understanding of people who have trouble in life. They may have failed to satisfy their needs at one level and as a result feel a sense of emptiness.

24. Ex. If a person is not able to fulfill block 3, (belonging) what solutions might there be for that person to try and compensate for this?
Might try and continue working on getting into a good relationship
Forget the third block and move on to the fourth and fifth blocks (workaholic)

25. There are some drawbacks to Maslow’s theory
It doesn’t account for the firefighter who rushes into a burning building to save a stranger, or why someone might skip a meal because they are playing video games.

26. Applying Maslow: The following answers coincide with the worksheet completed in class

27. Because we have our physiological needs met on a regular basis, we spend a great deal of time with psychologically satisfying activities.
Need for affiliation: associated with people who seem to want to join every organization
Need for approval: shown by people who are willing to do almost anything to get other people to like them
Ring Toss Game to assess Need for Achievement:
Ask students how the need for affiliation and need for approval have changed as they got older.
Need for Achievement: a strong desire for personal accomplishment and a high degree of competence

28. Emotions are part of our physical survival system. Ex
Emotions are part of our physical survival system. Ex. Without anger and fear we would not be able to protect ourselves
Humans will however express themselves in a social and symbolic context so that it is often difficult to understand emotions.
Emotions mark situations that are important to us, arouse us to action, and convey our intentions to others.
Whether we admit it or not, our emotions guide much of what we do; they focus our attention, help us record our experiences more strongly in our memory, and arouse us.

29. 6 basic emotions have been identified
People express emotions not only through speech but also through nonverbal behavior, or body language.
6 basic emotions have been identified
Happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, and disgust. People will express these in different ways based upon what is culturally accepted.
Today, some studies include surprise and disgust as universal emotions because the physiological indicators are similar in people from different cultures.
Categories of emotions: People in different cultures categorize emotions differently. Some languages have labels for emotions that are not labeled in other languages.
Tahitians do not have a word for sadness. Germans have a word, schadenfreude, indicating joy at someone else’s misfortune, that has no equivalent in English.
The same situation may evoke different emotions in different cultures.
A pork chop served for dinner might evoke disgust in the majority of people in Saudi Arabia, while it’s likely to provoke happiness in many people in the United States. Or Dog served for dinner in the United States might evoke disgust, but not in some third-world countries.
Differences in nonverbal expressions: Nonverbal expressions of emotion differ across cultures, due partly to the fact that different cultures have different display rules. Display rules are norms that tell people whether, which, how, and when emotions should be displayed.
In the United States, male friends usually do not embrace and kiss each other as a form of greeting. Such behavior would make most American men uncomfortable or even angry. In many European countries, however, acquaintances normally embrace and kiss each other on both cheeks, and avoiding this greeting would seem unfriendly.

30. Gender Differences in Emotion
In North America, women express emotions more than men, with the exception of anger. This isn’t the same in all cultures though.

31. Cognition (symbolic thought processes) is involved in the emotions we feel
Ex. If a group in a psychological study are led to believe they will experience pain, they become far more anxious that others who were not led to believe they would experience it.

32. Your emotions aren’t all in your head – they’re whole-body experiences
Your emotions aren’t all in your head – they’re whole-body experiences. People who are anxious say their heart is racing, they can’t breathe, they feel jittery, and they can’t sit still. People suffering from depression lose their appetite and can’t sleep. Your body and your mind are constantly interacting with each other, and the messages your body sends can either magnify or inhibit your emotions.
We will now look at three theories of emotion that involve this mind body interaction.

33. James-Lange theory: suggests that when something happens, our bodies react, and then we feel an emotion.
The James-Lange theory focuses on physical processes as a primary source of emotions.
According to William James, we don’t cry because we’re sad; we’re sad because we cry.

34. Cannon-Bard Theory: suggests that when something happens, the body reacts and the emotion is produced at the same time.

35. Schachter’s Cognitive Theory: belief that we label our bodily responses as being certain emotions. Something happens, we think about it and label it, then emotion is produce.
Culture shapes the difference in emotions between male and female.
We label (cognitively) our behavior and control our feelings in terms of those around us and how they are reacting.