2. Changing Empires From Byzantine… To Turkish rule

3. Constantinople Surrounded on 3 sides by water; good for trade and defense a shipping and trading hub; located on major trade routes Capital of Eastern Roman Empire; heavily influenced by Roman culture Christian city from the beginning Empire was a blend of Christian, Roman,& Greek (official language) culture Survived centuries of riots, religious discord, wars, & 88 leaders Seized by Turks in 1453; Renamed Istanbul becomes Istanbul

4. Trade Routes in the Byzantine Empire Connected 3 continents with a vast trade network of caravans, rivers, seaways, and roads Constantinople became the center of religion and trade after the fall of the Roman Empire, until its own demise in 1453 at the hands of the Ottoman Turks

5. Who are the Turks?  The Turks are a non-Arab people that live in modern day Turkey.  Turkish scholars have made many important contributions to astronomy and medicine.  Powerful Turkish empires dominated the Middle East for centuries.

6. The Ottoman Empire was the most powerful empire in the world during the 1500's and 1600's. At its height, it controlled what is now Turkey and parts of northern Africa, southwestern Asia, and southeastern Europe. The empire began about 1300 and lasted until 1922. The Ottomans were nomadic Turkish tribes that migrated to the Middle East from central Asia. The term Ottoman comes from Osman, the founder. and first sultan (ruler) of the empire. A Powerful Empire

7. The Ottoman Empire Osman was the leader of the Osman Turks in the late 13th century. In the 14th century, the Ottoman Turks expanded into the Balkans and began to put pressure on the Byzantine Empire. SultansThe Ottoman leaders, or Sultans, began to recruit Christian soldiers and converted them into an elite Islamic fighting force. The Ottomans changed warfare by introducing cannons and muskets to the battlefield. IstanbulConstantinople falls to the Ottomans in 1453. Renamed the famed city to Istanbul.

8. The Hagia Sophia Built in 5 years 532-537 AD; Known as Church of Holy Wisdom When Constantinople fell to the Turks, Hagia Sophia became a mosque Today it is a museum Important Concepts Found in the Architecture Plain exterior symbolizes earthly life Ornate interior: Spiritual universe Size, pillars, and enclosed space show Roman influence Intricate and ornate design shows Eastern influence Cathedral shows blending of east and west in the Byzantine Empire Style spread to Russia & S. Italy

9. Ottoman Expansion in Europe Suleiman I the “Magnificent” was the greatest of the Ottoman Sultans. Ruled from 1520 to 1566 A centralized administrative system was adopted. Published a code of laws that established a system of justice. Many architectural wonders were commissioned by him. The Ottoman system was relatively tolerant of non-Muslims. Muslims were prohibited from adopting another faith. Named after King Solomon

10. And so the story goes… By the mid-1500's, the Ottomans ruled Asia Minor, the Balkans, and parts of northern Africa and present-day Iran, Saudi Arabia, and Syria. The Ottomans were Muslims, and they spread Islam throughout the empire.

11. Decline of the Ottoman Empire Selim II led the Ottomans into decline. Incompetence within the ruling family, and western influence were the major factors that led to the downfall of the Ottoman Empire.

12. The Ottoman Empire slowly declined only after 1700, when it was faced with the emerging powers of Europe. When World War I began in 1914, the Ottoman Empire consisted of only Asia Minor, parts of southwestern Asia, and part of the Balkans. The Ottomans were defeated in the war, and the empire came to an end in 1922. Decline of the Ottoman Empire

13. The Ottoman Empire Rise Fall TradeExpansion

14. Notable Mentions Where was the Ottoman Empire located? The time period Suleiman the Magnificent and his accomplishments Vocabulary: sultans, caliph, theocracy The Janissaries

16. Did you know? Islam’s Contribution to Learning For about 700 years, Islamic scholars were among the leading thinkers of the world. During the Middle Ages (500-1453 AD), Islamic scientists, mathematicians, and doctors pushed forward the frontiers of knowledge. Islamic scientists made important contributions to astronomy, meteorology, and physics. Arab mathematicians introduced the Arabic system of numerals, which dramatically reduced the time it took to make calculations. Medicine also progressed in the Muslim empires. Every major city had a hospital, and doctors began to understand how the immune system and contagious diseases worked.

17. The Silk Road

18. China and the west first became aware of one another in the second century BC. Chinese traders exchanged silks, tea, furs, and spices for gold, silver, precious stones, glass, ivory, horses, and wool. The primary trade route between China and the west was the Silk Road, a 4,000-mile caravan route through South Asia and the Middle East. The Silk Road was also a route for the exchange of information and ideas. Buddhism traveled from the Indian subcontinent to China by the Silk Road. The Silk Road

19. Constantinople Istanbul, Turkey

20. The Silk Road Chinese Porcelain Chinese spices Chinese tea Chinese silks Chinese gunpowder

21. Icons pictures of important Christians or sacred events. They take the form of murals, mosaics, or wooden panels. In the West, Icons were to be respected. In the East, Icons were used, although many disapproved of them.

22. The Great Schism Btwn. 800 and 1000 eastern and western Christians fought over icons and spiritual power Christians in the Holy Roman Empire used icons because few people could read Some Christians in the Byzantine Empire disapproved of showing devotion to icons. Byzantines also struggle with Rome over power In 1054, the Christian church split into two churches forever. Catholic Church Catholic is Latin for “universal” Masses conducted in Latin Pope thought to be supreme religious authority Clergy were celibate Orthodox Church Orthodox is Greek for “correct belief” Masses conducted in Greek: Bible translated into various languages Patriarch appointed by Byzantine emperor Bishops celibate; priests could marry