1. Translation strategies Inglese per il giornalismo e leditoria a.a. 2009/10 Lesson 2

2. Translatability The translatability of a text depends on many aspects. 1. It depends on the degree to which the source text is embedded in its own culture. The more culture-bound a text is, the more difficult it is to translate. The less culture bound a text is, the less it needs to be adapted to suit the TL readership. We should speak of a sliding scale of translatability, largely depending on the degree to which a text is embedded in SL culture.

3. 2. The translatability of a text is deeply connected with the communicative function of the text. Promotional leaflets, business letters and poetry are meaningful examples of different degrees of translatability.

4. Poetry Coleridge, The Rime of the Ancient Mariner The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, The furrow followed free; We were the first that ever burst Into that silent sea. La ballata del vecchio marinaio (trad. T. Tommaso Pisanti) Soffiava il buon vento, volava la bianca spuma seguiva libera la scia; I primi fummo che irrompemmo In quel tacito mare.

5. Technical translations

6. Translation Strategies (Malone) In 1988 Malone introduces a list of nine translation strategies, that is nine different procedures adopted by translations in order to cope with the lexical and syntactical differences between Source Language and Target Language

7. 1. Equation One of the most well-known traps associated with the word-for word equation if that of false friends, where the meanings of deceptively similar terms do not match across languages (Actual/attuale; editor/editore)

8. Some lexical items have a particularly high frequency in Italian (much higher than their English equivalents) ex. Realtà) reality: the English lexical item has too high a level of abstraction Larte come imitazione della realtà/Art as imitation of nature La realtà è dura/Life is hard La sua malattia è una realtà/Her illness is genuine Progetti che diventano realtà/plans which are realised Spesso la realtà ci sfugge/Often we dont see things as they really are Ha il senso della realtà /He is realistic Bisogna tenere il senso della realtà locale/We must keep local needs in mind La realtà economica/the economic situation

9. 2. Substitution The antithesis of equation: the translation has little or no morpho-syntactic or semantic relation to the source text. Ex. The Italian subjunctive replaced by an English infinitive Farò in modo che si convinca a venire Ill try to get her to come The straw that broke the camels back La goccia che fa traboccare il vaso

10. 3. Divergence: The strategy of choosing one possible solution from a potential range of alternatives

11. 3. Divergence: The strategy of choosing one possible solution from a potential range of alternatives Cream panna Crema glass vetro bicchiere Se dovesse succedere Were it to happen If it were to happen should it happen If it should happen

12. She saw a beautiful dress in the window She opened the window She lowered the window Non ho niente da dire Niente male Niente scherzi Non hanno un bel niente NIENTE I have nothing to say Not bad No messing about! They have nothing at all

13. 4. Convergence Commercialista Contabile Ragioniere Accountant Tu Lei Voi You

14. 5. Amplification Swansea is the birthplace of Dylan Thomas Swasea è il luogo natale del famoso scrittore e poeta Dylan Thomas

15. 6. Reduction Carta geografica Map

16. 7. Diffusion A source text item or utterance is expanded without adding any extra layer of meaning Cheap A buon mercato WeatherwisePer quanto riguarda il tempo The nineteen century sex role system La divisione dei ruoli in base al sesso nel XIX secolo

17. 8. Condensation A source text item or utterance is contracted without omitting any layer of meaning To look at guardare To fall in loveinnamorarsi To run after inseguire

18. 9. Reordering It occurs when various procedures are introduced to the syntactic units into the most familiar patterns of the target language Black and white Bianco e nero Non è ancora giunto il tempo The time has not yet come È successa una disgrazia Something terrible has happened

19. HIGH PRESSURE Pressione alta: high blood pressure Alta pressione: in the meteorological sense

20. The very small percentage of works trnaslated by us compared to the total number of works imported per year is clear from these lists. Da questi elenchi apparirà evidentissima la minima percentuale delle opere da noi tradotte in confronto al totale annuo delle opere importate.

21. The hands which, on the 25 th of April 1953 picked the apple from the Biblical tree of knowledge belonged to a rather eccentic English physicist. A cogliere la mela del biblico albero della conoscenza furono, il 25 aprile 1953, le mani di un bizzarro fisico inglese