1. The Respiratory System

2. Respiratory System Includes the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, lungs, and pleura. Includes the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, lungs, and pleura.

3. Respiratory System NASAL CAVITY NASAL SEPTUM = divides nasal cavities into R and L sides NASAL SEPTUM = divides nasal cavities into R and L sides Turbinates are bones that protrude into the nasal cavity – they increase surface area for filtering dust and dirt particles by the mucous membrane. Turbinates are bones that protrude into the nasal cavity – they increase surface area for filtering dust and dirt particles by the mucous membrane. CILIA – the hairs in your nose, trap larger dirt particles CILIA – the hairs in your nose, trap larger dirt particles

6. Respiratory System SINUSES – cavities in the skull, ducts connect them to the nasal cavity, lined with mucous membrane to warm and moisten the air. * Sinuses give resonance to the voice. Frontal Frontal Maxillary Maxillary Ethmoid Ethmoid Sphenoid Sphenoid

8. Respiratory System PHARYNX The throat The throat Common passageway for air and food Common passageway for air and food 5” long 5” long Tonsils are located in the pharynx Tonsils are located in the pharynx

9. 3 sections of Phayrnx Nasopharynx – upper part (air only) (eustachian tubes from the middle ear drain here) – Nasopharynx – upper part (air only) (eustachian tubes from the middle ear drain here) – inner ear infections can cause upper respiratory infections inner ear infections can cause upper respiratory infections Oropharynx – middle region (air, food and liquid) Oropharynx – middle region (air, food and liquid) Laryngopharynx- lower region (air food and liquid)

10. Respiratory System LARYNX Voice box Voice box Triangular chamber below pharynx Triangular chamber below pharynx Routes air and food to the proper passageways Routes air and food to the proper passageways Within the larynx are vocal cords Within the larynx are vocal cords Glottis – space between vocal cords. Air causes vibration – produces sound Glottis – space between vocal cords. Air causes vibration – produces sound Adam’s Apple (thyroid cartilage) Adam’s Apple (thyroid cartilage)

11. Respiratory System Epiglottis Epiglottis Lies between the root of the tongue and the larynx Lies between the root of the tongue and the larynx “gatekeeper” “gatekeeper” Controls the destination of ingested food and liquid and inspired air Controls the destination of ingested food and liquid and inspired air Covers the opening to larynx when we swallow – food doesn’t go to trachea Covers the opening to larynx when we swallow – food doesn’t go to trachea Cough to expel if food gets passed Cough to expel if food gets passed Air freely moves to lower resp. tract Air freely moves to lower resp. tract

12. Lower Respiratory Tract

13. Respiratory System TRACHEA Windpipe Windpipe 4 ½ in. long 4 ½ in. long walls are alternate bands of membrane and C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage – to keep trachea open walls are alternate bands of membrane and C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage – to keep trachea open Lined with ciliated mucous membrane Lined with ciliated mucous membrane Coughing and expectoration gets rid of dust-laden mucous Coughing and expectoration gets rid of dust-laden mucous

14. Respiratory System BRONCHI and BRONCHIOLES Lower end of trachea divides into R and L bronchus Lower end of trachea divides into R and L bronchus As they enter lungs, subdivide into bronchial tubes and bronchioles As they enter lungs, subdivide into bronchial tubes and bronchioles Bronchi – similar to trachea with ciliated mucous membrane and hyaline cartilage Bronchi – similar to trachea with ciliated mucous membrane and hyaline cartilage Bronchial tubes – cartilaginous plates (instead of C-shaped rings) Bronchial tubes – cartilaginous plates (instead of C-shaped rings) Bronchioles – thinner walls of smooth muscle, lined with ciliated epithelium Bronchioles – thinner walls of smooth muscle, lined with ciliated epithelium At the end, alveolar duct and cluster of alveoli At the end, alveolar duct and cluster of alveoli

16. Respiratory System ALVEOLI Composed of a single layer of epithelial tissue Composed of a single layer of epithelial tissue Inner surfaces covered with SURFACTANT – to keep alveoli from collapsing Inner surfaces covered with SURFACTANT – to keep alveoli from collapsing Each alveolus surrounded by capillaries Each alveolus surrounded by capillaries O2 and CO2 exchange takes place between the alveoli and capillaries O2 and CO2 exchange takes place between the alveoli and capillaries

18. Respiratory System LUNGS Fill thoracic cavity Fill thoracic cavity Upper part = apex Lower part = base Upper part = apex Lower part = base Base fits snugly over diaphragm Base fits snugly over diaphragm Lung tissue porous and spongy – it floats Lung tissue porous and spongy – it floats R lung = larger and shorter (displaced by the liver) and has 3 lobes R lung = larger and shorter (displaced by the liver) and has 3 lobes L lung smaller (displaced by the heart) and has 2 lobes L lung smaller (displaced by the heart) and has 2 lobes Filled mostly with air Filled mostly with air

21. Respiratory System Mediastinum Mediastinum Center of thoracic cavity, between lungs Center of thoracic cavity, between lungs Contains heart, great vessels, trachea, esophagus, thoracic duct, thymus gland Contains heart, great vessels, trachea, esophagus, thoracic duct, thymus gland

22. Respiratory System PLEURA Thin, moist slippery membrane that covers lungs Thin, moist slippery membrane that covers lungs Double-walled sac Double-walled sac parietal-lines cavity parietal-lines cavity Visceral-covers lung Visceral-covers lung Space is pleural cavity – filled with pleural fluid to prevent friction Space is pleural cavity – filled with pleural fluid to prevent friction

23. FUNCTION OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM External respiration, internal respiration, and cellular respiration External respiration, internal respiration, and cellular respiration Production of sound (vocal cords) Production of sound (vocal cords)

24. PULMONARY VENTILATION (Breathing) INSPIRATION Intercostal muscles lift ribs outward, sternum rises and the diaphragm contracts and moves downward – this increases the volume of the lungs and air rushes in. Intercostal muscles lift ribs outward, sternum rises and the diaphragm contracts and moves downward – this increases the volume of the lungs and air rushes in.

25. PULMONARY VENTILATION (Breathing) EXPIRATION Opposite action takes place Opposite action takes place Exhalation is a passive process Exhalation is a passive process

26. Respiratory Movements 1 inspiration + 1 expiration = 1 respiration 1 inspiration + 1 expiration = 1 respiration Normal adult = 14 - 20 respirations per minute Normal adult = 14 - 20 respirations per minute Increases with exercise, body temperature, certain diseases. Increases with exercise, body temperature, certain diseases. Age - newborn = 40-60/min Age - newborn = 40-60/min Sleep = respirations  Sleep = respirations  Emotion can  or  rate Emotion can  or  rate

27. Respiratory System Coughing – deep breath followed by forceful expulsion of air – to clear lower respiratory tract. Coughing – deep breath followed by forceful expulsion of air – to clear lower respiratory tract.

28. Respiratory System Hiccups – spasm of the diaphragm and spasmotic closure of the glottis – irritation to diaphragm or phrenic nerve Hiccups – spasm of the diaphragm and spasmotic closure of the glottis – irritation to diaphragm or phrenic nerve

29. Respiratory System Sneezing – air forced through nose to clear respiratory tract Sneezing – air forced through nose to clear respiratory tract

30. Respiratory System Yawning – deep prolonged breath that fills the lungs, increases oxygen within the blood Yawning – deep prolonged breath that fills the lungs, increases oxygen within the blood

31. Factors that control breathing Neural Factors Respiratory center located in MEDULLA OBLONGATA Respiratory center located in MEDULLA OBLONGATA  in CO2 or  O2 in the blood will trigger respiratory center  in CO2 or  O2 in the blood will trigger respiratory center PHRENIC NERVE – stimulates the diaphragm PHRENIC NERVE – stimulates the diaphragm Chemical Factors Depends on the levels of CO2 in the blood (respiratory center in brain) Chemoreceptors in aorta and carotid arteries sensitive to the amount of blood O2

32. COMMON COLD Contagious viral respiratory infection Contagious viral respiratory infection Indirect causes - chilling, fatigue, lack of proper food, and not enough sleep Indirect causes - chilling, fatigue, lack of proper food, and not enough sleep Rx – stay in bed, drink warm liquids and fruit juice, good nutrition Rx – stay in bed, drink warm liquids and fruit juice, good nutrition Also called an Upper Respiratory Infection (URI) Also called an Upper Respiratory Infection (URI) Handwashing – best preventative measure Handwashing – best preventative measure

33. LARYNGITIS Inflammation of larynx or voice box Inflammation of larynx or voice box Often secondary to other respiratory infections Often secondary to other respiratory infections Symptoms – sore throat, hoarseness or loss of voice, dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) Symptoms – sore throat, hoarseness or loss of voice, dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)

34. SINUSITIS Infection of mucous membrane that lines sinus cavities Infection of mucous membrane that lines sinus cavities Caused by bacteria or virus Caused by bacteria or virus Symptoms – headache or pressure, thick nasal discharge, loss of voice resonance Symptoms – headache or pressure, thick nasal discharge, loss of voice resonance Rx – symptomatic, surgery for chronic sinusitis Rx – symptomatic, surgery for chronic sinusitis

35. PHARYNGITIS – red, inflamed throat

36. BRONCHITIS Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the trachea and bronchial tubes, producing excessive mucous Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the trachea and bronchial tubes, producing excessive mucous May be acute or chronic May be acute or chronic Acute bronchitis characterized by cough, fever, substernal pain and RALES (raspy sound) Acute bronchitis characterized by cough, fever, substernal pain and RALES (raspy sound) Chronic bronchitis – middle or old age, cigarette smoking most common cause Chronic bronchitis – middle or old age, cigarette smoking most common cause

37. INFLUENZA (Flu) Viral infection causing inflammation of the mucous membrane Viral infection causing inflammation of the mucous membrane Fever, mucopurulent discharge, muscular pain, extreme exhaustion Fever, mucopurulent discharge, muscular pain, extreme exhaustion Complications – pneumonia, neuritis, otitis media and pleurisy Complications – pneumonia, neuritis, otitis media and pleurisy Rx – treat the symptoms Rx – treat the symptoms

38. PNEUMONIA Infection of the lung Infection of the lung Caused by bacteria or virus Caused by bacteria or virus Alveoli fill with exudates (thick fluid) Alveoli fill with exudates (thick fluid) Symptoms – chest pain, fever, chills, dyspnea Symptoms – chest pain, fever, chills, dyspnea Rx – O2 and antibiotics Rx – O2 and antibiotics

39. TUBERCULOSIS Infectious bacterial lung disease Infectious bacterial lung disease Tubercles (lesions) form in the lungs Tubercles (lesions) form in the lungs Symptoms: cough, low grade fever in the afternoon, weight loss, night sweats Symptoms: cough, low grade fever in the afternoon, weight loss, night sweats Diagnosis – TB skin test Diagnosis – TB skin test If skin test positive – follow up with chest x-ray and sputum sample If skin test positive – follow up with chest x-ray and sputum sample RX – antibiotic RX – antibiotic

40. ASTHMA Inflammatory airway obstruction Inflammatory airway obstruction Caused by allergen or psychological stress Caused by allergen or psychological stress 5% of Americans have asthma 5% of Americans have asthma Symptoms: difficulty exhaling, dyspnea, wheezing, tightness in chest Symptoms: difficulty exhaling, dyspnea, wheezing, tightness in chest Rx: anti-inflammatory drugs, inhaled bronchodilator Rx: anti-inflammatory drugs, inhaled bronchodilator

41. EMPHYSEMA Alveoli become over-dilated, lose their elasticity, can’t rebound, may eventually rupture Alveoli become over-dilated, lose their elasticity, can’t rebound, may eventually rupture Air becomes trapped, can’t exhale – forced exhalation required Air becomes trapped, can’t exhale – forced exhalation required Reduced exchange of O2 and CO2 Reduced exchange of O2 and CO2 Dyspnea increases as disease progresses Dyspnea increases as disease progresses Rx – alleviate the symptoms, decrease exposure to respiratory irritants, prevent infections, restructure activities to prevent need for O2 Rx – alleviate the symptoms, decrease exposure to respiratory irritants, prevent infections, restructure activities to prevent need for O2

42. COPD – Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder Primary cause – cigarette, cigar or pipe smoking. Primary cause – cigarette, cigar or pipe smoking. More susceptible the longer a person smokes More susceptible the longer a person smokes Have frequent respiratory infections Have frequent respiratory infections Dyspnea – progressively worsens Dyspnea – progressively worsens No cure No cure Pursed lip breathing/ steroids Pursed lip breathing/ steroids

43. Pneumothorax Free air inside the chest outside of the lung Free air inside the chest outside of the lung Pressure causes the lung to collapse Pressure causes the lung to collapse Chest pain/ shortness of breath Chest pain/ shortness of breath Diagnosed by decreased breath sounds with stethoscope Diagnosed by decreased breath sounds with stethoscope Sometimes heal on own Sometimes heal on own Sometimes require chest tube placement Sometimes require chest tube placement Prognosis depends on severity Prognosis depends on severity