1. World of Art Tour 2010

2. vocabulary CE B.C. OR B.C.E. A.D. C or Ca. These are designations of numbered years based on the Gregorian calendar. **There is no “year zero”. COMMON/CHRISTIAN ERA BEFORE THE CHRISTIAN ERA ANNO DOMINI Approximately or about (placed before the year date)

3. VENUS OF WILLENDORF Ca. 30,000 – 25,000 B.C. Limestone 4 3/8 inches high Shows exaggerated proportions of the female figure. Presumed that it was used as a symbolic sculpture for fertility rites Discovered in 1908 by Archaeologist Josef Szombathy Located in Vienna, Austria Naturhistorisches Museum http://witcombe.sbc.edu/willendorf/ willendorfdiscovery.htmlhttp://witcombe.sbc.edu/willendorf/ willendorfdiscovery.html

4. CAVE PAINTINGS Cave paintings have been dated as far back as 25,000 B. C. To create these images, cave artists used charcoal to outline irregularities in the walls of caves that suggested forms from nature. Paint was made from yellow and red chunks of earth and mixed with grease. Some images were “air- brushed” on with dry pigment. www.lascaux.culture.fr “Yellow Horse” – Lascaux, France, c. 15,000-13,000 B. C. Discovered Sept. 12, 1940 Closed 1963

5. Discovered in 1879 by Marcelino Sanz de Sautuola and his daughter Pictures of bison, deer, horses, cattle, mammoths, and boars are located in the most remote recesses of the caves, far from the inhabited, sunlit entrances. Archeologists speculate artists created the animal images to guarantee a successful hunt. Many are portrayed pierced with arrows, and gouges in the rock indicate cave-dwellers may have flung spears at the painted game. Bison, from the cave at Altamira, Spain (c. 13,500 B. C.) http://museodealtamira.mcu.es

6. MESOPOTAMIA Mesopotamia is a Greek word that means “the land between the rivers [refers to the Tigris and Euphrates] Region is often called “the Fertile Crescent” Developed the first form of writing – Cuneiform Used a wedge-shaped stylus on a clay or wax tablet www.mulibraries.missouri.edu

7. SUMERIAN ART The ancient city of Ur put the Sumerians on the historical map - ca. 2100 B.C. Ziggurat at Ur is found in what is now Iraq Usually built with mud bricks and have eroded over time It was 40 feet above the street level Corners oriented to cardinal points of the compass Room at the top is an alter room – called a cella http://www.dl.ket.org/humanities/arch/ur.fwx

8. Statuettes of two worshipers, from the Square Temple at Eshnunna (modern Tell Asmar) Iraq, ca. 2700 BCE, Gypsum inlaid with shell and black limestone Male characteristics are long, black beard, long black hair, wide open eyes, detailing in tunic, simplistic carving of figure Female characteristics are short, black hair, long tunic, drapery over left arm, wide open eyes Both show folded hands of worshippers http://www.artlex.com/ ArtLex/m/mesopotami an.htmlhttp://www.artlex.com/ ArtLex/m/mesopotami an.html

9. Babylonian Created from the former territories of the Akkadian Empire The Codex of Hammurabi (1792-1750 BC) was found in 1901 in the territory previously belonging to the Elamites Found by J. De Morgan and V. Scheil http://louvre.fr/llv/oeuvres/detail_notice.jsp?CONTE NT%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673226487&CURRE NT_LLV_NOTICE%3C%3Ecnt_id=1013419867322 6487&FOLDER%3C%3Efolder_id=9852723696500 800&baseIndex=54&bmLocale=enhttp://louvre.fr/llv/oeuvres/detail_notice.jsp?CONTE NT%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673226487&CURRE NT_LLV_NOTICE%3C%3Ecnt_id=1013419867322 6487&FOLDER%3C%3Efolder_id=9852723696500 800&baseIndex=54&bmLocale=en

10. Architecture Post and lintel system A system of construction in which two posts support a lintel Basic architectural construction

11. STONEHENGE Located at Salisbury Plain, Wiltshire, England, ca. 2550-1600 BCE Megaliths – great stones, some are approx. 17 feet high and weigh as much as 50 tons Megaliths used as a post-and- lintel system are called a trilithon or three stones http://celticmythpodshow.com/blog/summari sing-theories-of-stonehenges-origin /http://celticmythpodshow.com/blog/summari sing-theories-of-stonehenges-origin /

12. Cromlech – prehistoric monument consisting of a circle of single large stones (monoliths)

13. STEP PYRAMID OF KING DJOSER King Djoser (r. 2630-2611 BCE) Saqqara, Egypt, Dynasty III Imhotep royal architect Originally Pharaohs were buried in a mastaba or burial mound with underground chambers. Saqqara is the ancient necropolis or “city of the dead” Oriented to the cardinal points of the compass 200 feet high with diminishing sizes of mastabas stacked on top of each other http://www.mena- tours.net/Pages/home_det.php?id=1http://www.mena- tours.net/Pages/home_det.php?id=1

14. PYRAMIDS AT GIZA From left: Menkaure, Khafre, and Khufu Building process began by quarrying the stones Rough stones were moved to the building site and cut into the exact dimensions to fit The surfaces of the pyramids were originally smooth and covered with limestone. A small portion is still at the top of Khafre Khufu is the largest of the three http://www.canaryzoo.com/Wonders%20World%20Humanity%20Patrimony.htm

15. THE GREAT SPHINX Archaeologiests have been able to reconstruct an entire funerary complex for Khafre. A covered causeway connects the tomb and his palace. Beside the causeway and dominating the valley temple of Khafre rises the Great Sphinx. Carved from a spur of rock in the quarry It is believed it portrays Khafre but some scholars believe it portrays Khufu and was carved before Khafre’s tomb was built. The statue suggest that the pharaoh combines human intelligence with the awesome strength and authority of the king of beasts. http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/countries/egypt-guide/ A lion with the face of a pharaoh, the 4,500- year-old Sphinx stands guard at Giza

16. Nefertiti Name means “The Beautiful One Is Here” Queen of Akhenaton Sometimes known as the Berlin bust, it was found in the workshop of the famed sculptor Thutmose. This bust depicts her with full lips enhanced by a bold red. Although the crystal inlay is missing from her left eye, both eyelids and brows are outlined in black. Her graceful elongated neck balances the tall, flat-top crown which adorns her sleek head. The vibrant colors of the her necklace and crown contrast the yellow-brown of her smooth skin. While everything is sculpted to perfection, the one flaw of the piece is a broken left ear. Because this remarkable sculpture is still in existence, it is no wonder why Nefertiti remains 'The Most Beautiful Woman in the World. http://www.touregypt.net/featuresto ries/nefertiti.htm

17. Queen Nefertiti is perhaps better known than her husband, the heretic king Akhenaten (Amenhotep IV).Akhenaten Akhenaten moved the capital from Thebes to Amarna during Egypt’s 18 th dynasty Together, we know that Akhenaten and Nefertiti has six daughters, though it was probably with another royal wife called Kiya that the king sired his successors, Smenkhkare and Tutankhamun. AkhenatenSmenkhkareTutankhamun

18. R. 1333-1323 BCE King Tutenkhamen or Tutenkhamun Crowned as a boy died at approx. age 18-20 years Tomb found by Howard Carter 1922 Has kept us in awe since his discovery http://www.kingtut.org/home http://www.site-ology.com/egypt/KT.HTM

19. http://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/ancient/enlarge/ king-tut-mummy.html http://raven.theraider.net/showthre ad.php?t=18460

20. Greek Vases Exekias ca. 540-530 BCE “Achilles and Ajax playing a dice game” Amphora in style Black-figure technique

21. Red-figure pottery is a style of Greek pottery in which the figure outlines, details and the background are painted black, while the figure itself is not painted. This way, the figures take on the typical reddish tone of pottery after it has been burned in the presence of oxygen. Red-figure pottery, developed around 530 BC, superseded the earlier black-figure pottery because the new process allowed more intricate detail on the ornaments, humans, animals, etc. depicted. It remained popular until the late 4th century BC. Red-figure pottery is considered to mark the apex of Greek pottery, as most vases or cups famous today for their skillful painting are in the red-figure style. http://earlygreekart.tripod.com/red_figure_style/

22. The Acropolis Built as a hilltop tribute to the patron goddess – Athena The citadel or high fortified area of the ancient city-state Location of temples and government buildings Built by Mnesicles in 452 Completed before the Peloponnesian War began The Parthenon and other buildings were built by Pericles during the 5 th century BC http://photography.nationalgeographic.co m/photography/enlarge/acropolis-athens- greece_pod_image.html

23. The Parthenon Acropolis, Athens, Greece, 447-438 BCE Iktinos and Kallikrates, architects Symmetrcial parts are based on the Golden Ration – 9:4 The columns are of the Doric Order and are slanted so that they would actually meet about 1.5 miles above the top of the structure The columns are also thicker in the middle

24. http://www.utexas.edu/courses/introgreece/athena_parthenos.jpg This copy of the Phidias, Athena Parthenos shows the goddess Athena as she would have been placed in the cella of the Parthenon. She was destroyed before the 19 th century. She was fashioned from gold and ivory. She stood 38 feet tall. The Parthenon was built around the statue. The cella had a to be wider than usual.

25. Greek Statues Mantiklos, Apollo ca. 700-680 BCE Bronze Dedicated to Apollo at Thebes 8” high

26. Erechtheion Acropolis, Greece Ca. 421-405 BCE Unknown architect Ionic columns on the main structure The porch supported by caryatids or maidens

27. Caryatid – a female figure that Functions as a supporting column upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/C...

28. Greek Columns (from left to right) Doric – simple, fat column Ionic – scrolled capital Thinner shaft, has a base Corinthian – detailed decorative leaf motif for capital, thin, fluted shaft

29. Nike of Samothrace Ca. 190 BCE,Marble Hellenistic Period Drapery has a wet, clingy appearance. Shows the female figure Was set up in the Sanctuary of the Great Gods The setting of the sculpture amplifies her theatrical effect She was part of a two-tiered fountain The lower basin contained large boulders Created the illusion of rushing waves dashing up against the prow of a ship Her reflection in the shimmering water accentuated the sense of lightness and movement Photo courtesy of Lori Deal-Flynn

30. Venus de Milo, Melos, Greece Ca. 150-125 BCE Larger than life Is a statue of Aphrodite Signed by the sculptor, Alexandros of Antioch-on the Meander http://www.greektravel.com/greekislands/milos/venus_de_milo2.jpg

31. Laocoon and His Sons Unearthed in Rome in 1506 Athanadoros, Hagesandros, and Poyldoros of Rhodes created in 1 st Century CE This marble statue was long believed to be the original, was found in the remains of the palace of the emperor Titus This variation on the original added the son on the left of Laocoon for greater compositional integration The story is the gods favored the Greeks in the Trojan War and sent serpents to punish Laocoon, who had tried to warn them about the Greek’s wooden horse www.mlahanas.de/.../LaocoonPioClementino1.jpg

32. Art of Ancient Rome Monarchy (753-509 BCE) Latin and Etruscan kings ruled Rome from the city’s foundation by Romulus until the revolt against Tarquinius Superbus Republic (509-27 BCE) Began after Tarquinius Superbus until the bestowing of the title of Augustus on Ocatvian, the grandnephew of Julius Caesar and victor over mark Antony in the Civil War that ended the Republic. http://massengale.typepad.com/venustas/2007/06/interactive_mod.html

33. Roman Architectural Revolution Architecture would be different if they had been content to build like the Greeks, Etruscans, and others. They developed concrete construction. It was made from lime mortar, volcanic sand, water, and small stones (caementa) Builders placed the mixture into wooden frames and left it to dry and bond with a brick or stone facing, wooden molds were removed leaving a solid mass http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ancient_Roman_concrete_vault.jpg

34. Barrel vaults or tunnel vaults are an extension of a simple arch Creates a semi-cylindrical ceiling over parallel walls Light could only enter from either end of the vault so windows could be placed within the walls of the vault – formed with concrete These vaults require buttressing or lateral support of the walls below to counteract their downward and outward thrust http://www.brighthub.com/engineering/civil/articles/67018.aspx

35. A groin or cross vault is formed by the intersection at right angles of two barrel vaults of equal size Needs less buttressing The thrust is concentrated along the groins and buttressing is needed only at the points where the groins meet the vault’s vertical supports, usually piers Leaves the area between the supports open, permitting light to enter http://socrates.bmcc.cuny.edu/hbrockington/vocabulary.htm

36. the ancient world for more than a millennium was the corbeled, beehive-shaped tholos of the Treasury of Arteus at Mycenae Tholos- a temple with a circular plan Corbel – a projecting wall member used as a support for some element in the superstructure. Also, courses of stone or brick in which each course projects beyond the one beneath it. Two such walls, meeting at the topmost course, create a corbeled arch or corbeled vault. http://vitruviusfootsteps.wordpress.com/2009/10/19/week-6-the-arrival-of-autumn-and-appreciating-the-pantheon/

37. PANTHEON The Pantheon 118-125 AD Built under the rule of Hadrian Is a domed rotunda and illustrates the Roman architects’ ability to enclose space The façade has eight Corinthian columns Coffers in the ceiling help to give a lighter appearance Also help with lightening the load so it was easier to support The oculus is the opening in the ceiling – it stays open Reveals the full potential of concrete

38. Colosseum The Colosseum seated 50,000 spectators dated 70-82 AD Built by the Flavians who were in power (69-96 CE) Opened in 80 AD Could be flooded for mock sea battles 161 feet tall and is supported by the three orders of Greek columns – Doric on the bottom, Ionic in the middle, and Corinthian on the top

39. Could not have been built without concrete Complex system of barrel-vaulted corridors that holds up the enormous oval seating area This is the concrete skeleton left today After the fall of Rome, the Colosseum served as a convenient quarry for ready-made building materials