1. South Africa Timeline
Treaty of Vereeniging ends the second Anglo-Boer War. The Transvaal and Orange Free State are made self-governing colonies of the British Empire.
Formation of Union of South Africa by former British colonies of the Cape and Natal, and the Boer republics of Transvaal, and Orange Free State.

2. South Africa 2008

3. 1913 - 1914 - National Party founded.
Native National Congress founded, later renamed the African National Congress (ANC).
Chiefs, representatives of people's and church organisations, and other prominent individuals gathered in Bloemfontein and formed the African National Congress (then South African Native National Convention-SANNC). The ANC declared its aim to bring all Africans together as one people to defend their rights and freedoms.
National Party founded.
pledged to achieve republican independence for South Africa and a return to doctrines of apartheid.
Secret Broederbond (brotherhood) established to advance the Afrikaner cause.
South West Africa (Namibia) comes under South African administration.
Policy of apartheid (separateness) adopted when National Party (NP) takes power.
The United Party (UP), dominated by pro-British sentiment, lost a lot of support after WWII. People believed that it was incapable of dealing with the post-war financial problems. Many white people felt that the party lacked a clear policy on how to deal with black people and segregation.

4. Segregation Legislation Pre-1948
    Masters and Servants Acts:    Mines and Works Act No 12: Black Land Act No 27:     Native (Black) Urban Areas Act No 21: Industrial Conciliation Act No 11: Immorality Act No 5:
1930  Riotous Assemblies (Amendment) Act No 19: Representation of Blacks Act No 12:  Development Trust and Land Act No 18:     Industrial Conciliation Act No 36:     Black (Native) Laws Amendment Act No 46: Aliens Act No 1:     Aliens Registration Act No 26:
1945 Natives (Urban Areas) Consolidation Act No 25: Asiatic Land Tenure (and Indian Representation) Act No 28:

5. Natives Land Act of This act was responsible for the forced removal of black people in South Africa and prevented Blacks, except those living in Cape Province, from buying land outside reserves.
The movement of black people was severely restricted as their movements outside the reserves were directed by their relations with white industry and farms.
Picture A and B: Many people in the reservations followed traditional lifestyles, but lived in poverty as the reserves barely supported their survival. This led to migration of people to the cities in search of jobs and survival. (Sources:
Large numbers of black men had to work for white farmers in order to survive. The emergence of a migrant workforce is regarded as a direct result of the Land Act.
Because of the mining boom and the need for cheap labor in urban areas, black men were attracted to the mining industry.
By linking the supply and distribution of labor to territorial segregation, the 1913 Land Act laid the foundations for Apartheid’s Bantustan policy in later years.

6. Picture C: Many young black men were recruited, or forced by circumstances, to work on gold mines on the Witwatersrand.
(Source:
The Mines and Works Act, or Colour Bar Act, of 1911 is seen as the cornerstone of job reservation, or the allocation of jobs on the basis of race. It prevented black workers from getting skilled employment on the mines.
The Native Labor Regulation Act of 1911 reinforced the pass law system, which severely restricted the movement of black workers from one area to another. Under this Act the lack of possession of the correct pass documentation was a criminal offence. Unlike today, black workers had no access to or form of dispute resolution, because they were denied recognition as workers and did not have the right to strike. This was laid out in the Industrial Conciliation Act of 1924.

7. Locations sprung up outside white urban areas.
(Source: southern_africa.htm)
The state had been increasingly concerned with setting up political structures that would control South Africa’s black population.
In 1920 the Native Affairs Act came into being and paved the way for the establishment of a Native Affairs Commission, headed by the Minister of Native Affairs. This organisation worked towards the creation of a countrywide system of tribally based district councils that were to consider and make recommendations on any matter relating to the general conduct of the administration of black people.
Three years later, in 1923, the Native (Urban Areas) Act came into force and cemented the state’s segregationist policy. This Act gave local authorities the power to identify and establish black locations on the outskirts of white urban and industrial areas. Measures were introduced to control by local authorities of trading, brewing of beer, fines and rents to be levied. More importantly it empowered local authorities to declare black workers “idle, dissolute or disorderly” and have them deported to the reserves. As a result those people who could not longer be of benefit to industry were deported, whilst ensuring that there was a permanent supply of healthy labor for white-owned industries.

8. Apartheid
Translated from Afrikaans, apartheid means 'apartness'. The term is used to describe the legalized racist policy of the National Party (NP) between 1948 and (officially) 1994.
The only relationship that black people were allowed to have with white people was one in which they served them. Black people were discriminated against in almost every sphere of life. Racist laws dictated where and how they could live, travel, work, go to school, marry and socialize.
The basic philosophy of apartheid was simple. Although South Africa was a unitary state, the Nationalists argued that the people did not constitute a single nation but was made up of four race groups, namely white, black, Coloured and Indian. These races were further divided into 13 'nations'.
White people comprised English and Afrikaans language groups. The black population was divided into 10 ethnic groups. This made the white race the largest one in the country. The NP justified the racism as necessary, supporting its view with evidence of conflicts between races and cultures around the world. It justified the discrimination using Christian theology and racist theories of white superiority and black inferiority.

10. Apartheid separated races on a large scale, by forcing people to live in different places according to their race. This required race classification and was achieved through the Population Registration Act 30 of According to this law, all South Africans had to be classified as white, black, Coloured or Indian, and their race then recorded in their identity passes. Official teams or Boards were set up to decide the fate of those people whose race was considered uncertain. This caused much heartache especially for Coloured people whose unique mixed race features often led to families being split up after members were assigned different races.
The second element of grand apartheid was the Group Areas Act 21 of Until then, different races coexisted in most towns. This Act ended racially mixed residential areas. It defined where people had to live and work as each race was allocated its own area. People had no choice but to move and this Act provided the base for forced removals in later years.
The ANC responded with a series of protests and civil disobedience that continued to escalate as additional laws were enacted.

11. Apartheid and Education
An anti-Bantu education protest, (Photograph by Drum Photographer © BAHA)
The Bantu Education Act of 1953 created a separate educational system for black students under the management of the Department of 'Bantu' Education. According to H.F Verwoed, who was the Education Minister at the time, the purpose of 'Bantu' Education was to prepare African people for a subordinate role under white minority rule.

12. H F Verwoerd South African Prime Minister from (Source:
According to a report in the Afrikaans newspaper Die Burger , Verwoerd had the following to say on equality:
" When I have control of "Native" education, I will reform it so that the "Natives" will be taught from childhood to realize that equality with Europeans is not for them." (1953)
Black children could only access education as was regarded necessary for them to play a subservient role of providing menial labor. Later it was also proposed that the teaching language be Afrikaans. This move sparked off the Soweto uprising in 1976.

13. Pass laws
An example of a passbook. (Source: )
The movement of black people was severely limited. Black people could only stay in 'white' South Africa if they possessed documents proving they had permission to do so. Indian people were barred from being in the Orange Free State province.
The first pass laws were introduced in 1760 when slaves in the Cape were made to carry them. The Urban Areas Consolidation Act of 1945 together with the Natives (Abolition of Passes and Coordination of Documents) Act of 1952 were key legislation. The Urban Areas Act outlined requirements for African people to 'qualify' to live 'legally' in urban areas in White South Africa. In order to do so they had to have Section 10 rights. These rights were based on whether:
The person had been born there and resided there continuously since birth;
The person had worked continuously for ten years in any prescribed area for any employer; or lived continuously in any such area for a period not less than 10 years;
The person was the wife, unmarried daughter, or son under 18 years of age of an African falling into classes (a) or (b), and ordinarily resided with him, and initially entered the area lawfully; or
The person had been granted a permit to remain by a labor bureau.

14. Apartheid in South Africa Repression and resistance in the 1950s
The ANC Youth League (ANCYL), was formed in By 1949 its leaders, Walter Sisulu , Oliver Tambo and Nelson Mandela , were elected to the ANC's National Executive. They propagated the idea that white domination could only be fought through mass action.
Sisulu Tambo Mandela

15. In 1947, the leaders of the ANC, the Transvaal Indian Congress (TIC) and the Natal Indian Congress (NIC) agreed to unite against oppression.
Program of Action 1949
The ANC adopted its Programme of Action in 1949 declaring the right of black people to self-determination. It laid out plans for strikes, boycotts, and civil disobedience. This program of action was implemented in the Defiance Campaign.

16. Defiance Campaign 1952
By defying the laws, the organization expected the government to respond with mass arrests. This would demonstrate the futility of enforcing laws that people were refusing to accept.
Defiance campaigners marching peacefully
Indian protesters giving their support to the campaign
During the campaign, almost 8000 black and Indian people were imprisoned. But at the same time, ANC membership grew from 7000 to and the number of branches rose from 14 at the start of the campaign to 87 at its end. Shortly before the campaign's end, Albert Luthuli was elected as the new ANC president.

17. Congress of the People and the Freedom Charter (1955)
The purpose was to consider the national problems on an all-inclusive basis, and to draft a peace manifesto. In March 1954, the ANC, the South African Indian Congress (SAIC), the Coloured People's Congress, the South African Congress of Democrats (SACOD) and the South African Congress of Trade Unions (SACTU) met and established the National Action Council for the Congress of the People.

18. The Treason Trial
The police arrested 156 Congress Alliance leaders. 104 African, 23 white, 21 Indian and 8 Coloured people and charged them with high treason and conspiracy to overthrow the state and replace it with a Communist government. The treason charge was based on statements and speeches made during both the Defiance Campaign and the Congress of the People. The Freedom Charter was used as evidence of the Alliance's Communist intentions and their plot to overthrow the government.

19. Sharpeville Massacre
The Pan Africanist Congress (formed in 1959 because actions of ANC deemed too passive) organized a massive anti-pass law demonstration for 21 March 1960.
On the day of the demonstration, a large crowd gathered at the police station in Sharpeville near Vereeniging. Drum Magazine described the crowd as noisy but peaceful. The police, nervous of the size of the crowd, opened fire killing 69 people and injuring 180. Many of those killed and injured were shot in the back while running for cover.
In Langa, in the Cape, violence also erupted on a smaller scale. A group of about 6000 people gathered and waited for orders from leaders. In the morning the march to the police station began, but was called off after police threatened violence. News of the Sharpeville massacre enraged protesters who marched towards the police. The police reacted, opening fire on the marchers and killing two of them.

20. 1960s TACTICAL SHIFT
Beginning in the 1950s it became clear to some members of the ANC and the SACP that passive resistance and non-violence were not working. So movement moved to include more violent techniques
Impact of Sharpeville Massacre
Banning of liberation movements and organizations/ house arrest
General failure of ANC to win meaningful political changes based on the policy of non-violence and moderation.
Rivonia Trial in 1963 (Mandela sent to Robben Island

21. Umkhonto we Sizwe The PAC: Poqo “Spear of the nation”
Initiated in 1961, began program of sabotage
attacked post offices and other buildings in Johannesburg, Port Elizabeth and Durban
Because of bannings and arrests organization effectively neutralized until 1970s
The PAC: Poqo
Underground military wing
Poqo means 'alone' or 'pure' in Xhosa.
Group not opposed to killing to advance the freedom struggle, including white people, police informers and black people who sided with the government.
Planned a national uprising in order to overthrow the white government, but poor organization and internal problems crippled the PAC and Poqo.

22. Umkhonto we Sizwe
ubuyi’ lu Mkhonto weSizwe hhem! Ubuyi’ lu Mkhonto we Sizwe hhem! Ubuyi’ lu zoshaya amabhunu ‘ shaya amabhunu buya buya Mkhonto we Sizwe hhem!
Mkhonto we Sizwe is back It is back to defeat the Boers