1. Nelson Mandela By. Harris Nazri 9.B

2. His Early Life before participating in Politics... He was born in Mvezo, a small village located in the district of Umtata. He was born in Mvezo, a small village located in the district of Umtata. Father served as chief of Mvezo, and had 4 wives, Mandel was born to his father’s 3 rd wife. Father served as chief of Mvezo, and had 4 wives, Mandel was born to his father’s 3 rd wife. Attended Clarkebury Boarding Institute at the age of sixteen when his father passed away from tuberculosis. Attended Clarkebury Boarding Institute at the age of sixteen when his father passed away from tuberculosis. Studied bachelor of arts after enrolling at the Fort Hare University. Studied bachelor of arts after enrolling at the Fort Hare University. After leaving Fort Hare, upon arrival back to South Africa, he found a job at a mine as a guard. Then as an articled clerk at the Johannesburg law firm. After leaving Fort Hare, upon arrival back to South Africa, he found a job at a mine as a guard. Then as an articled clerk at the Johannesburg law firm. Completed B.A degree at the university of South Africa, then he began studying law at the University of Witwatersrand where he befriended students and future anti-apartheid political activists. Completed B.A degree at the university of South Africa, then he began studying law at the University of Witwatersrand where he befriended students and future anti-apartheid political activists.

3. Early Political Activity Early Political Activity Mandela began actively participating in politics after the 1948 election victory of the Afrikaner-dominated national party. This group supported the Apartheid policy of racial segregation. Mandela began actively participating in politics after the 1948 election victory of the Afrikaner-dominated national party. This group supported the Apartheid policy of racial segregation. He led the African National Congress in both the Defiance Campaign and the 1955 congress of the people (which adopted the ‘Freedom Charter” that provided the basic of the anti- apartheid cause). He led the African National Congress in both the Defiance Campaign and the 1955 congress of the people (which adopted the ‘Freedom Charter” that provided the basic of the anti- apartheid cause). Him and Oliver Tambo (his lawyer) operated a law firm that provided free or low cost legal cost to many blacks that lacked attorney representation during his time in order to help the blacks. Him and Oliver Tambo (his lawyer) operated a law firm that provided free or low cost legal cost to many blacks that lacked attorney representation during his time in order to help the blacks.

4. Armed Anti-Apartheid Activities Became the leader of the ANC armed wing in 1961. Became the leader of the ANC armed wing in 1961. He carried out sabotage missions against the military and government, possible guerilla warfare if the anti-apartheid campaign failed. He carried out sabotage missions against the military and government, possible guerilla warfare if the anti-apartheid campaign failed. Raise funds for the MK and and arranged paramilitary training for them. Raise funds for the MK and and arranged paramilitary training for them. Guerilla warfare soon took place later mostly in the 1980’s against the apartheid government. Civilian casualties. Guerilla warfare soon took place later mostly in the 1980’s against the apartheid government. Civilian casualties. Admitted that the ANC also violet some human rights in its campaign against apartheid. Admitted that the ANC also violet some human rights in its campaign against apartheid. Described the situation in South Africa as increased repression, violence from the apartheid government in his response to the non-violent protest campaign, and couldn’t achieve any progress. Described the situation in South Africa as increased repression, violence from the apartheid government in his response to the non-violent protest campaign, and couldn’t achieve any progress. Couldn’t enter the US form the South Africa’s apartheid government era designations as ‘terrorist’. Couldn’t enter the US form the South Africa’s apartheid government era designations as ‘terrorist’.

5. Arrest, trial and Imprisonment Arrested in 5 th August, 1962 after living on the run for 17 months thanks to the help of CIA Arrested in 5 th August, 1962 after living on the run for 17 months thanks to the help of CIA He was imprisoned In Johannesburg Port for 5 years He was imprisoned In Johannesburg Port for 5 years ANC leaders were too arrested in 11 th July, 1963, ANC leaders were too arrested in 11 th July, 1963, Brought in the ‘Rivonia Trial’ charged by chief prosecutor Dr. Percy Yutar with four charges of capital offense, crimes equivalent to treason, plotting foreign invasion of South Africa. Brought in the ‘Rivonia Trial’ charged by chief prosecutor Dr. Percy Yutar with four charges of capital offense, crimes equivalent to treason, plotting foreign invasion of South Africa. For reasoning ANC’s choice to use violence as tactics to resist against apartheid during its state of emergency. For reasoning ANC’s choice to use violence as tactics to resist against apartheid during its state of emergency. He then was imprisoned in Robben Island for the next 18-20 years. He then was imprisoned in Robben Island for the next 18-20 years. While being imrisoned, tudy with the University of London by correspondence through its External Programme and received the degree of Bachelor of Laws. While being imrisoned, tudy with the University of London by correspondence through its External Programme and received the degree of Bachelor of Laws.

6. Release AND Negotiations Released from victor Verster Prison in Paarlon 11 th february 1990. Released from victor Verster Prison in Paarlon 11 th february 1990. He made a speech declaring to peace, reconciliation to the white minority He made a speech declaring to peace, reconciliation to the white minority Returned to the ANC to between 1990-94 leading the party to multi-racial negotiations that led to the nation’s first multi racial elections Returned to the ANC to between 1990-94 leading the party to multi-racial negotiations that led to the nation’s first multi racial elections Oliver Tambo became the National Chairperson. Oliver Tambo became the National Chairperson.

7. Presidency of south Africa South Africa’s first multi racial election as granted on 27 th of April, 27 th April. ANC won 62% of the votes South Africa’s first multi racial election as granted on 27 th of April, 27 th April. ANC won 62% of the votes Nelson Mandela was South Africa’s first black president Nelson Mandela was South Africa’s first black president

8. Thank you Bibliographies: Bibliographies: " Nelson Mandela." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 10 Apr. 2011.. " Nelson Mandela." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 10 Apr. 2011.. "Nelson Mandela - Biography." Nobelprize.org. Web. 10 Apr. 2011.. "Nelson Mandela - Biography." Nobelprize.org. Web. 10 Apr. 2011.. "Nelson Mandela Foundation – Memory - Biography." Nelson Mandela Foundation – Home. Web. 10 Apr. 2011.. "Nelson Mandela Foundation – Memory - Biography." Nelson Mandela Foundation – Home. Web. 10 Apr. 2011.. "BBC News - Mandela's Life and times." BBC - Homepage. Web. 10 Apr. 2011.. "BBC News - Mandela's Life and times." BBC - Homepage. Web. 10 Apr. 2011..